Suchergebnisse

Oradea, an important cultural, economic and administrative town at the
western border of Romania, is known as an academic center since 1780 through its area of
operation for over two centuries of the Academy of Law. The Romanian age of higher education
institutions has proven to be a step in regaining the status of high school like the other existing
universities in the country between the wars. The abolition of the Academy and its merger with the
Faculty of Law of the University of Cluj, in 1934, was a great loss for the city of Oradea, the values gathered during more that two centuries of high school, representing a solid fundament for
the academic education, from this part of the country, after the second world war.

Nationality laws always cover birthplace & bloodline & usually include marital status & residence. Each nation-state mixes these features & specifies techniques by which to acquire citizenship in particular ways. Differences & similarities in nationality law among 25 states (EU states, Australia, Canada, the US, Israel, Mexico, Russian, & South Africa) are analyzed, taking legal tradition & disconnection between territory & constituted population into consideration. Over the last two centuries, historical traditions were modified when contradictions occurred in the application of traditional law. Convergences in nationality laws have occurred because of the need to stabilize borders, pursue democratic values, & deal with immigration. More inclusive (jus soli) regimes have become slightly more restrictive & blood-based descent (jus sanguinis) regimes less restrictive. Four state types are described. 14 References. M. Pflum

Examines the women's movement in India within the historical context of 50 years of independence/development following two centuries of colonial rule. Transformations of the 1990s are viewed as "conditions of possibility," contending that changes spawned by globalization demand a rethinking of the terms in which women's issues were first raised. Special attention is given to events of the 1990s & the 1970s (the "silent period" of the women's movement). Changing meanings of words like nation, sovereignty, economy, & development in the post-1970s literature of gender & development are discussed. It is noted that the grassroots discourse of poor women has shifted from the earlier women's movement frame of socialism/nationalism to the international agency's "language of efficiency," suggesting that nationalism has different political meanings in different contexts. Prospects for the future of the women's movement are discussed, suggesting a need to broaden feminist conceptions of the economy in order to displace gender from its ritualistic place & make it a tool for achieving a more inclusive social order. 28 References. J. Lindroth

The analysis of long economic cycles allows us to understand long-term worldsystem dynamics, to develop forecasts, to explain crises of the past, as well as the current global economic crisis. The article offers a historical sketch of research on K-waves; it analyzes the nature of Kondratieff waves that are considered as a special form of cyclical dynamics that emerged in the industrial period of the World System history. It offers a historical and theoretical analysis of K-wave dynamics in the World System framework; in particular, it studies the influence of the long wave dynamics on the changes of the world GDP growth rates during the last two centuries. Special attention is paid to the interaction between Kondratieff waves and Juglar cycles. The article is based on substantial statistical data, it extensively employs quantitative analysis, contains numerous tables and diagrams.
On the basis of the proposed analysis it offers some forecasts of the world economic development in the next two decades.
The article concludes with a section that presents a hypothesis that the
change of K-wave upswing and downswing phases correlates significantly with the phases of fluctuations in the relationships between the World-System Core and Periphery, as well as with the World System Core changes.

The present article is a summary of a quantitative Social History in three volumes (can be obtained directly from the author) treating of the 24 cathedral chapters of the Old German Empire in the 17th and 18th Century. The research on the cathedral chapters which were as well spiritual as secular corporations, until now is rather traditional in its methods, i.e. focusing on the constitutions and the biographies of the canons. Actually there are only a few monographies. Our study which comprehends all chapters examines 5 725 cases. The case-unit is not the person, but the prebend. The following variables are taken up: name (locality) of the chapter, dignitaries, degrees (for commoners), the ways of applying to and retiring from the chapters, social status (seven categories for the nobility, two for the commoners), advancements in rank, origin, cumulations. The completeness of the data is generally more than 90%, often towards 100%. All data is published in form of chronological lists of the canons in every chapter, besides an index of names is given. Therefore our work serves as a reference-book too. The data were processed with SPSS, crosstabulations and other statistics are published also. For regional inquiries the chapters were classified into three groups: Northern Germany, the chapters of the Knights of the Empire (i. e. Rhineland and Franconia), Southern Germany and Austria. To show the chronological development we divided the entire period (1601-1803) into four periods of about fifty years. The article presents some important results for every variable. Some general Statements are possible. From the viewpoint of social history the hypothesis of three regional types has been verified. Chapters at the border of the Empire form a particular group which shows more and more deviations to the Standard. On the other hand the chapters in the center assimilate. Spatial mobility decreases, local recruitment increases. There are tendencies to closeness and occasional provincialism. Cumulations increase in the second half of 18th Century. Canons from the middle and lower classes were almost completely eliminated during the two centuries. Thus the European feudal reaction can clearly be demonstrated using the example of the German cathedral chapters. Our research shows that the chapters get into a crisis in the late 18th Century. They could no more accomplish their functions as providing institutions for the German nobility. For many reasons the run to the prebends grew as well as the commoners' criticism influenced by the Enlightenment. They disapproved the loss of the chapters' spiritual functions, the prevalence of the nobility, the grewing exclusion of the commoners and the enormous cumulations. Proposals to a reform failed. The difficult Situation in the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars forced the secularization (1803) which brought the end to the old German cathedral chapters.

"Over the long history of human societies, material inequality has been on the rise, although mostly within societies. A distinct turning point occurred during the last two and a half centuries. In the wake of colonial expansion and the industrial revolution, by far the largest part of increasing world inequality was due to enormously diverging average income levels between societies. The chapter scrutinizes the process of 'within' and 'between' income inequality until the present. While the chapter focuses on material inequality, shifts in political inequality are also addressed. A new turning point in the history of world inequality occurred only recently as a result of the economic rise of populous emerging countries such as China and India. Also, four areas of open research questions are discussed in more detail before the chapter ventures to make seven forecasts. While polarization in world income distribution will continue, total inequality will remain rather stable, albeit at a historically very high level. This is because world stratification of incomes is changing its shape - from a stark pyramidal form that has evolved over the last centuries to an onion-like one, which took shape alter the mid1990s." (author's abstract)

Argues that Al Qaeda, having conducted the September 11 (2001) attack on the US, is indeed guilty of murder, but the US also bears responsibility for creating conditions that breed reactionary Islamic fundamentalism. The US is guilty of continuing practices of racism at home & abroad as it has done for decades, if not centuries. President Bush's conservative offense following September 11 was actually begun two decades earlier under President Reagan & carries with it the ugly politics of racism & authoritarianism. Civil liberties in the US are being withdrawn under the pretense of patriotism. Racist policies abroad & the racist way in which the US military-industrial complex conducts its business abroad with seemingly political immorality have fostered anti-US sentiment among Muslims across the globe. M. Pflum

Theories on imperialism, Third World oppression, & Empire in the last few centuries are reviewed. Although none of them adequately explain globalization, they lead to the conclusion that globalization is unstable. After the September 11 (2001) attack on the US, discourse on globalization transformed, as anti-imperialist forces in the US divided into two groups -- those who objected to the US use of force as an extension of imperialist claims & those who argued for the right of self-defense. The essays in this volume, summarized here, speak to the new discussion on globalization, terrorism, & war. Terrorism is related to racism & fundamentalism, & the tension between national security & civil liberties is treated. Democracy, resistance, capitalism, & territoriality in Empire are discussed, along with socioeconomic & environmental conditions of globalization. M. Pflum

Theories on imperialism, Third World oppression, & Empire in the last few centuries are reviewed. Although none of them adequately explain globalization, they lead to the conclusion that globalization is unstable. After the September 11 (2001) attack on the US, discourse on globalization transformed, as anti-imperialist forces in the US divided into two groups -- those who objected to the US use of force as an extension of imperialist claims & those who argued for the right of self-defense. The essays in this volume, summarized here, speak to the new discussion on globalization, terrorism, & war. Terrorism is related to racism & fundamentalism, & the tension between national security & civil liberties is treated. Democracy, resistance, capitalism, & territoriality in Empire are discussed, along with socioeconomic & environmental conditions of globalization. M. Pflum

Argues that Al Qaeda, having conducted the September 11 (2001) attack on the US, is indeed guilty of murder, but the US also bears responsibility for creating conditions that breed reactionary Islamic fundamentalism. The US is guilty of continuing practices of racism at home & abroad as it has done for decades, if not centuries. President Bush's conservative offense following September 11 was actually begun two decades earlier under President Reagan & carries with it the ugly politics of racism & authoritarianism. Civil liberties in the US are being withdrawn under the pretense of patriotism. Racist policies abroad & the racist way in which the US military-industrial complex conducts its business abroad with seemingly political immorality have fostered anti-US sentiment among Muslims across the globe. M. Pflum

It is maintained that 1960s Dutch society was vertically structured yet lacked an authoritative state. Differences between horizontally & vertically structured societies are discussed. Pillarization of Dutch society during the late 19th & early 20th centuries & the initial effects of competing religious perspectives are examined. Rather than identify competing religious & ideological perspectives as responsible for continued pillarization of Dutch society, it is contended that material interests & struggles over power preserved vertical structure. Two factors contributing to the emergence of an authoritative Dutch state during the 1960s were (1) professionalization of health care & welfare & (2) increase in state subsidies. Nevertheless, political, economic, & social processes during the 1980s -- ie, deregulation or privatization of certain industries, urbanization, & state decentralization -- resulted in a more horizontal structure. The interaction between social, economic, & political capital in the Netherlands is considered. It is concluded that future civil society scholarship must develop a better understanding of the democratic triangle. J. W. Parker