Suchergebnisse

Since the end of XVIIIth century, Paris has been citicized for ruining France. After the Commune (1871), strong ruralist, political and moralistic movements have increasingly censured the capital agglomeration which became a scape-goat, responsible for France decline. In 1947, a geographer, Jean-François Gravier, published a violent book against Paris, with the institution of Territorial Planning as a result, after World War II. Its main goal has been to weaken markedly Paris agglomeration.

Since the end of XVIIIth century, Paris has been citicized for ruining France. After the Commune (1871), strong ruralist, political and moralistic movements have increasingly censured the capital agglomeration which became a scape-goat, responsible for France decline. In 1947, a geographer, Jean-François Gravier, published a violent book against Paris, with the institution of Territorial Planning as a result, after World War II. Its main goal has been to weaken markedly Paris agglomeration.

Since the end of XVIIIth century, Paris has been citicized for ruining France. After the Commune (1871), strong ruralist, political and moralistic movements have increasingly censured the capital agglomeration which became a scape-goat, responsible for France decline. In 1947, a geographer, Jean-François Gravier, published a violent book against Paris, with the institution of Territorial Planning as a result, after World War II. Its main goal has been to weaken markedly Paris agglomeration.

Initially, voting rights were limited to wealthy elites providing political support for stock markets. The franchise expansion induces the median voter to provide political support for banking development as this new electorate has lower financial holdings and benefits less from the uncertainty and financial returns from stock markets. Our panel data evidence covering 1830-1999 shows that tighter restrictions on the voting franchise induce a greater stock market development, whereas a broader voting franchise is more conducive towards the banking sector, consistent with Perotti and von Thadden (2006). Our results are robust to controlling for other political determinants and endogeneity.

Oyster reef ecosystems used to form significant components of many temperate and subtropical inshore coastal systems but have suffered declines globally, with a concurrent loss of services. The early timing of many of these changes makes it difficult to determine restoration targets which consider interdecadal timeframes, community values and shifted baselines. On the Australian continent, however, the transition from Indigenous (Aboriginal) to Westernized resource use and management occurred relatively recently, allowing us to map social-ecological changes in detail. In this study, we reconstruct the transformations in the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) wild commercial industry of central and southeast Queensland, and by extension its reef ecosystems, as well as the changing societal and cultural values related to the presence and use of the rock oyster through time. By integrating data from the archaeological, anthropological and fisheries literature, government and media accounts, we explore these transformations over the last two centuries. Before the 1870s, there was a relative equilibrium. Aboriginal peoples featured as sole traders to Europeans, supplying oysters and becoming a substantial component of the industry's labour pool. Effectively, Australia's commercial oyster industry arose from Aboriginal-European trade. During this initial phase, there was still a relative abundance of wild oyster, with subtidal oyster reef structures present in regions where oysters are today absent or scarce. By contrast, these reefs declined by the late 19th century, despite production of oysters increasing due to continued large-scale oyster recruitment and the expansion of oyster cultivation in intertidal areas. Production peaked in 1891, with successive peaks observed in regions further north. During the 1890s, flood events coupled with land-use changes introduced large quantities of silt into the system, which likely facilitated an increase in oyster pests and diseases, ultimately decreasing the carrying ...

What shapes and drives capital market development over the long run? In this paper, using the asset portfolios of UK life assurers, we examine the role of regulation, historical contingency and political reactions to events on the long-run development of the UK capital market. Government response to events such as war, hegemony-secured peace, and the wider macroeconomic environment was the ultimate determinant of major changes in asset allocation since 1800. Furthermore, when we compare the UK with the United States, we find that regulation played a limited role in shaping the asset portfolios of the UK life assurance industry.

Nowadays, with the celebration of the Greek state's bicentennial, the exploration of how the national past was debated, historicised and narrated through historiographical and political means holds an interesting position: by examining how certain pasts entered the national canon, how events and figures were pantheonised, and how history and memory wars were conducted, we may be able to assess why and how nation-states commemorate themselves and formulate narratives about the shared past. Using the past as a symbolic resource, the agents of political and social power seek to provide the definitive version of how and why did we arrive at the present. Simultaneously, these official versions of the past are constantly contested by opposing social forces, which frequently manage to have their versions merge with, incorporated into or stand alongside those of their opponents. It is through these procedures, namely historiographical debates such as these explored in this issue of Historein, that the past turns into history.

This paper looks into the transforming sartorial styles of a certain Christian Protestant revivalist movement in Finland in and around two very specific historical moments: independence from Russia in 1917; and 2017, when the Marriage Act was amended such that same-sex marriage become legal. The analysis covers crucial periods before and after the independence: late 19th and early 20th century, when Russia sought to tighten its control over autonomous Finland, and the Finnish intelligentsia organised to resist such attempts, through the civil war of 1918, to the turbulent right/left-divided years of the 1920s and 1930s. Then, the liberalisation of the körtti movement from the 1960s and 1970s onwards, and the effect of this upon the debates and battles over the equal marriage law before and after the law came into effect is discussed. I show how through changing histories, changing garments have the capacity to play key roles. By focussing on a particular movement through different times, it is shown how groups that go under the same name may be fundamentally different from their historical predecessors, how they may yet recognise a similar kind of garment even if they attach different kind of associations to it, and how new garments are sometimes required in order to communicate new positions of movements and individuals. For analyses of garments and cultural positions, this underlines the necessity to think of certain 'times' as part of a continuum, in which both changes and continuities in dress play out and influence socio-political relations.

This thesis explores the application of Markowitz' Modern Portfolio Theory onto 220 years of financial returns for 13 metals and 21 poly-metallic ore types. The interdisciplinary research shows that poly-metallic ores can be described as naturally occurring portfolios that were diversified by natural geological processes. Safest and optimal portfolios for metals and ores can be computed for different time horizons using portfolio optimization algorithms. Results for optimized ore portfolios are thereby subject to geological constraints. The study revealed that commodity cycles last between six and twenty years and exhibit clockwise and counterclockwise motions in the risk-return framework. The cycle length differences for clockwise cycles are statistically significant and thus specific to all investigated metals and ores. By incorporating novel cycle parameters into decision making tools it is suggested that current industry decisions for resource development can be improved. Insights into the performance of metals and ores through the industrial cycles, as well as into the frequency of profitable super cycles can assist Metals & Mining executives in strategic planning and investment.:Introduction 1 Data 3 Metals & ore types studied 5 2.1 Metals. 5 2.2 Ore types . 5 2.3 Prices . 10 2.4 Summary . 12 II Analysis 13 3 Modern Portfolio Theory 15 3.1 Overview . 15 3.2 Definitions. 15 3.3 Assumptions . 17 3.4 Discussion & Conclusion. 18 4 Poly-metallic ores as natural portfolios 19 4.1 Objectives. 19 4.2 Results. 19 4.3 Summary & Discussion. 24 4.4 Conclusion . 25 5 Static portfolio optimization 27 5.1 Objectives. 27 5.2 Assumptions . 27 5.3 Results. 27 5.4 Summary & Discussion. 31 5.5 Conclusion . 32 6 Dynamic portfolio optimization 33 6.1 Assumptions . 33 6.2 Results. 34 6.3 Summary & Discussion. 44 6.4 Conclusion . 45 7 Commodity cycles & metal assets 47 7.1 Commodity cycles . 47 7.2 Commodity cycle observations . 54 7.3 Summary . 76 7.4 Discussion. 77 7.5 Conclusion . 78 III Application 81 8 Commodity cycles & resource development strategies 83 8.1 The timing of mine development and mining start-up. 83 8.2 Lead times from discovery to operation. 88 8.3 Exploration. 89 8.4 Project valuation considerations. 91 8.5 Summary & Discussion. 92 8.6 Conclusion . 93 9 Industrial cycles & modern history 95 9.1 The Metal Markets Indicator-MMI . 95 9.2 The Metal Markets Indicator & the economy . 97 9.3 The MMI & military conflict . 105 9.4 MMI cyclicality. 115 9.5 Summary & Discussion. 122 9.6 Conclusion . 123 10 Industrial cycles & metal performance 125 10.1 Methodology . 125 10.2 Metal performance during technological epochs . 126 10.3 Discussion. 133 10.4 Conclusion . 137 11 Industrial cycles & ore type preferences 139 11.1 Coal Age . 139 11.2 Oil Age . 142 11.3 Atomic Age. 144 11.4 Discussion. 146 11.5 Conclusion . 150 12 Industrial cycles & ore provinces 151 12.1 Ore genetic models and industrial cycles. 151 12.2 Ore geology and geography . 154 12.3 Ore provenances and mining technology . 156 12.4 Discussion. 157 12.5 Conclusion . 157 13 The state and future of the M&M Industry 159 13.1 The current state. 159 13.2 The dawn of a new Industrial Age . 163 13.3 The future. 164 13.4 Summary & Discussion. 167 13.5 Conclusion . 168 14 Summary 169 15 Conclusion 171 IV Appendix 173 Bibliography 233 Index 245

What shapes and drives capital market development over the long run? In this paper, using the asset portfolios of UK life assurers, we examine the role of regulation, historical contingency and political reactions to events on the long-run development of the UK capital market. Government response to events such as war, hegemonysecured peace, and the wider macroeconomic environment was the ultimate determinant of major changes in asset allocation since 1800. Furthermore, when we compare the UK with the United States, we find that regulation played a limited role in shaping the asset portfolios of the UK life assurance industry.

This study uses text mining techniques on almost 900 presidential "state-of-the-union"--type speeches from 10 Latin American countries from 1819 to 2016. The paper documents a sharp increase in recent decades in references to poverty and inequality. The study's long-term view shows that the way in which poverty and inequality are discussed has been changing. Using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, the paper shows that in recent years poverty has been increasingly discussed as a broader multidimensional challenge that requires a variety of social programs. Inequality has been increasingly framed as an issue of equal opportunities, whereas previously there was a greater focus on social justice. The paper assesses whether the prevalence of poverty and inequality in presidential speeches correlates with measures such as social public spending, as well as the poverty and inequality levels of the country. It finds that during the 2000s, the countries that discussed poverty and inequality at greater length were also the ones that increased social spending and reduced poverty and inequality the most.

Recent discussion on invasive species has invigorated the debate on strategies to manage these species. Lantana camara L., a shrub native to the American tropics, has become one of the worst weeds in recorded history. In Australia, India and South Africa, Lantana has become very widespread occupying millions of hectares of land. Here, we examine historical records to reconstruct invasion and management of Lantana over two centuries and ask: Can we fight the spread of invasive species or do we need to develop strategies for their adaptive management? We carried out extensive research of historical records constituting over 75% of records on invasion and management of this species in the three countries. The records indicate that governments in Australia, India and South Africa have taken aggressive measures to eradicate Lantana over the last two centuries, but these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. We found that despite control measures, the invasion trajectory of Lantana has continued upwards and that post-war land-use change might have been a possible trigger for this spread. A large majority of studies on invasive species address timescales of less than one year; and even fewer address timescales of >10 years. An understanding of species invasions over long time-scales is of paramount importance. While archival records may give only a partial picture of the spread and management of invasive species, in the absence of any other long-term dataset on the ecology of Lantana, our study provides an important insight into its invasion, spread and management over two centuries and across three continents. While the established paradigm is to expend available resources on attempting to eradicate invasive species, our findings suggest that in the future, conservationists will need to develop strategies for their adaptive management rather than fighting a losing battle.

The article contains a comparative historiographical study of the works which are devoted to the life of the Emperor Alexander II and are qualified as the examples of the genre of historical biography. The study is based on historiographical sources: works of professional historians as well as popular and fictionalized biographies. The main aim of the study is to reveal how the interpretations of Alexanders reign and the perceptions of his personality have changed over the times. The author argues that the personality of Alexander II aroused the interest of historians, biographers, and writers in the times which could be compared with the Era of Great Reforms: in the times of imperial modernizations in the early 20thcentury; during the first post-revolutionary decade; at the period of the perestroika and the building of the new Russian state. The biographies of Alexander II were written from the perspective of different ideologies: monarchic, liberal-reformist, revolutionary-radical, as well as from the perspective of priority of humanist values. The genres of Emperors biography were also varied from a solemn eulogy to a pamphlet or a romantic love story. However, the author draws attention to some constant, unchanging components of the image of the Emperor which can be traced through all versions of his biography: his sensitivity, sentimentality, and hesitancy; she points that these personal qualities of the Emperor were evaluated differently within the frames of different discourses. The author reveals the tendency inherent in contemporary works about Alexander II: static descriptions of Emperors personality give way to situational analysis of his motives and practices of decision-making, as well as to attempts to reconstruct the system of political priorities of the Emperor. ; Статья посвящена сравнительному изучению работ о жизни императора Александра II, создававшихся на протяжении ХХ начала XXI вв. в жанре исторической биографии. Задача исследования состоит в том, чтобы проследить, как изменялись с ходом времени трактовки правления Александра II и восприятие его как личности. Работа основана на историографических источниках: трудах профессиональных историков, а также научно-популярных, беллетризованных изданиях. В статье доказывается, что личность Александра II вызывала интерес историков и биографов-беллетристов на тех этапах истории страны, которые можно было сопоставить с эпохой Великих реформ: в эпоху модернизации империи начала ХХ в., в первое послереволюционное десятилетие, в годы перестройки и становления новой российской государственности. Биографии Александра II создавались с позиций различных идеологий: монархической, либерально-реформаторской, революционно-радикальной, с точки зрения приоритета гуманистических ценностей. Жанр исторической биографии применительно к императору оборачивался разными гранями: от торжественного панегирика до памфлета или романтической любовной истории. В массиве исторических биографий можно выявить некоторые константы, неизменные составляющие образа императора (чувствительность, сентиментальность, склонность к колебаниям), но в рамках различных дискурсов эти качества получают разную оценку. Сделан вывод, что в современных историко-биографических работах об Александре II на смену статичным характеристикам императора приходит ситуативный анализ мотивов и инструментария принятия его решений, стремление воссоздать систему политических приоритетов императора.

This article reviews arrangements for Russian Sámi self-government during the Late Imperial (1822–1917), Soviet (1917–1991) and Federal (1992–) Eras of Russian history, comparing them to developments in the country's general indigenous minority policy. Since the Soviet Era, indigenous minority policy has been delimited to a subset of the country's actual indigenous nations – smaller groups traditionally involved in certain rural economic activities. State paternalism, the framing of indigenous minority policy as giving aid to weak groups, is a constant trait of Russian indigenous minority policy. This paternalism has been channelled towards different goals at different times – the building of Communist nations, assimilation, or traditionalist preservationism. Indigenous minority policy has generally been weakly institutionalized, and its interests come into conflict with stronger actors who anchor their political activity in northern economic development and state security. Different forms of territorial autonomy have been practiced throughout the period, non-territorial arrangements becoming more common only in the Federal Era. Russian Sámi politics generally match the national trends but are a case of particularly weak indigenous autonomy and participation. A very case-specific phenomenon is the Federal Era conflict over whether or not to import the Nordic Sámi Parliament model. Case-specifics are explained by the weak demographic position of the Russian Sámi, the lack of any significant symbolic connection between the province and its indigenous people, and the border-proximity and border-transcendence of the Sámi people, which has repeatedly been used to frame their activism as a security concern. ; Published in Taylor and Francis Journal. 18-month embargo. Article available here http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08003831.2015.1030849

Bookplate of C. H. Wilkinson. ; Bound in deep maroon cloth; stamped in gold and blind; dark blue coated endpapers. ; Edited by W. C. Hazlitt with preface by Henry Huth. ; Half-title and binder's title: Fugitive poetical tracts. ; "Fifty copies only printed." ; First series, 1493-1600.--Second series, 1600-1700. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; A presentation copy from the author to the Lenox Library.