Suchergebnisse

9 Bosses, & their tollowers & apologists, perennially inquire noNN alternative sources for leadership may be developed in lieu of a boss. A boss is the principal but not the sole leader of a pol'al clique or faction at the top of a monolithic power structure in a community with a monopolistic pol'al style. Alternatives to a boss are a clique or faction, a popularly elected mayor, a city manager, or a pol'al party. Some Fla communities exhibit a monopolistic pol'al style; others, a competitive style. Town with a monopolistic style show a narrow set of econ interests; the entrance of competing econ interests leads to competitive pot. Ruling cliques are of varying kinds & can exist in either amonopolistic or competitive situation. A popularly elected mayor also can function as the leader in either situation. A manager is a source of policy leadership, but several factors condition his leadership. The elected mayor often inhibits the manager. The manager's scope may also be greatly restricted in a monopolistic setting, for he usually has no pol'al base of his own in such a situation. He will often have more scope when competition is the style. A few managers succeed by forming their own bases, ie, that composed of city employees. Party participation is a concomitant of competitive pot in a few Fla cities, but the rise of the Republicans may lead to some local monopolies. Alternative sources of leadership are enhanced by competition. AA.

Cities on the front lines -- Energy efficiency : from buildings to districts and neighborhoods -- Beyond the building : district heating and cooling -- Renewable cities -- Electrifying transportation -- Liberating cities from cars -- Eco-innovation districts accelerating urban climate action -- Cities and a green new deal -- The elements of greenovation.

Pol'al bossism in US cities developed as a pragmatic response to the rise of US urbanism. Its pol'al style developed out of a combination of the new directions of US society as it entered the age of enterprise & of the existing pol'al system which was geared to a Ru, decentralized mode of life. The power structure of bossism was based on a 2-fold relationship maintained by the city machine: the patron-client relation with blocs of voters - esp ethnic minorities - & a brokerage relationship with business. Relations with state gov were directed more toward the maintenance of control over the city than to substantive gov policy. The appropriate pol'al response to an Ur, technological society came with the reorg of nat'l pot by F. D. Roosevelt & the instit of New Deal SE reform. This change affected Ur pot by making it increasingly pluralistic & program-oriented. The new style of Ur pot may be called a cosmopolitan pot, & it strongly affected, if indeed it did not dominate, state pot in most places. The city of New Orleans is a special case of the development of a cosmopolitan style of Ur pot out of an earlier bossism within a state which has not yet assimilated to cosmopolitan pot. AA.