Presentación ; González Cruz, Fortunato ; Artículos ; Federalismo y Democracia: dos principios fundamentales desconocidos por la "reforma" constitucional rechazada en diciembre ; del 2007. ; Federalism and Democracy: two fundamental principles out of the proposal of Contitucional reform rejected on december 2007 ; Herrera Orellana, Luis Alfonso ; Mérida: Reserva de biosfera urbana. ; Merida: biosphera urban reserve. ; Briceño Ávila, Morella; Gil Scheuren, Beatríz María y Gómez, Luz ; Movimiento indígena y liderazgo político local en la Sierra ecuatoriana: ¿Actores políticos o proceso social? ; Indigenous movements, and local political leadership in the Ecuadorian "Sierra". Political actors or social process? ; Lalander, Rickard y Gustafsson, Maria-Therese ; La imagen de marca de las ciudades. ; The brand image of the citiy ; Tinto, José Antonio ; Arquitectura del Estado y el Gobierno en Venezuela ; State architecture and the goverment in Venezuela ; González Cruz, Fortunato ; Aplicación del modelo de cinturón verde en la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela ; Application of the green belt model in the city of Caracas, Venezuela ; Llanos, Douglas y Almandoz,Arturo ; 33-55 ; epb@intercable.net.ve ; beatrz@ula.ve ; luzgomez@ula.ve ; semestral ; Nivel analítico
Euralille is a typical «French» project because it uses the standard procedure for public spatial planning andproject implementation. But this project of transformation of an unused military zone into a new directionalcentre, also reflects the international (and French) orientation towards city renovation and revampingas international marketing tools. The paper discusses how the urban regeneration strategy in Lille is structured upon the mobilisation of local politics for economic promotion. This strategy combines a strong public sector leadership with the private sector presence. However the dominance of a limited economicist logic poses critical problems specially by displacing social goals to other realms of French urban policy. ; Este artículo examina los cambios en la política urbana en el área metropolitana de Lille (Francia):en las últimas dos décadas. En la primera sección, presentamos la dinámica de reestructuración socioeconómicaen la aglomeración urbana. En el segundo apartado, analizamos la evolución de la política ylas estrategias urbanas. En la tercera sección, examinamos la política de revitalización urbana enfocada enel proyecto de Euralille, así como el impacto de este proyecto urbanístico. Por último, presentamos una reflexión,a modo de conclusión, sobre la necesidad de reorientar la política urbana hacia un enfoque más integrado.
Euralille is a typical «French» project because it uses the standard procedure for public spatial planning andproject implementation. But this project of transformation of an unused military zone into a new directionalcentre, also reflects the international (and French) orientation towards city renovation and revampingas international marketing tools. The paper discusses how the urban regeneration strategy in Lille is structured upon the mobilisation of local politics for economic promotion. This strategy combines a strong public sector leadership with the private sector presence. However the dominance of a limited economicist logic poses critical problems specially by displacing social goals to other realms of French urban policy. ; Este artículo examina los cambios en la política urbana en el área metropolitana de Lille (Francia):en las últimas dos décadas. En la primera sección, presentamos la dinámica de reestructuración socioeconómicaen la aglomeración urbana. En el segundo apartado, analizamos la evolución de la política ylas estrategias urbanas. En la tercera sección, examinamos la política de revitalización urbana enfocada enel proyecto de Euralille, así como el impacto de este proyecto urbanístico. Por último, presentamos una reflexión,a modo de conclusión, sobre la necesidad de reorientar la política urbana hacia un enfoque más integrado.
En el primer tercio del siglo XX se produjo una aceleración del crecimiento urbano y de la transformación socioeconómica por los efectos combinados de la segunda revolución industrial, el nacimiento de la sociedad de masas y las consecuencias de la Gran Guerra, expresados en la transformación del espacio urbano, el cambio demográfico, la transformación de las economías urbanas, los mercados laborales, los estilos de vida, los comportamientos sociales, políticos y culturales en el conjunto de la trama urbana española, bajo el liderazgo de las grandes ciudades como Madrid, Barcelona y Bilbao. En estos años la Modernidad alteró las coordenadas sociales, políticas y culturales, con la aparición de nuevos actores sociales y políticos, de nuevos usos y costumbres. En los años veinte la electricidad, el teléfono, el automóvil, el cinematógrafo, la prensa, la radio, el deporte, la moda y la publicidad fueron la expresión más visible de la gran transformación experimentada por la sociedad urbana. ; The period (1900-1936) especially interesting due to the acceleration of urban growth and socio-economic transformation by the combined effects of the Second Industrial Revolution, the rise of consumerism and mass culture and the aftermath of the Great War. All these phenomena played a significant role in the changes observed in demographic patterns, urban planning, urban economies, labour markets, lifestyles and social, political and cultural behaviours all around Spain. However, the leadership of this evolution was represented by large cities such as Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao. The advent of Modernity altered their social, cultural and political developing lines and caused the emergence of new social and political actors and new habits. During the Roaring Twenties, electricity, telephone, automobile, cinema, press, radio, sports, fashion and advertising became the fullest expressions of the transformation experienced by urban societies.
Different stages of urban policies in Madris is our central reflexion of this article, trying to identify periods of internal coherence according to the city model pursuit and the actions developed. The description of actions is completed with an analysis of main key points in order to understand the difference and similitudes of the city model implemented by different governments even from the same party. Therefore, different factors are taken into account: if urban policiy is centered in the internal logic of the city, or if by contrary is oriented to a global context; if city is thought as a political space or mainly as a place for beneficts, or if the leadership of the different stages is local or is belongs to other government levels. ; El artículo reflexiona sobre las diferentes etapas por las que ha transcurrido la política urbana de la ciudad de Madrid, tratando de delimitar fases que presenten coherencia interna respecto del modelo de ciudad que se persigue y las acciones que se impulsan. La descripción de acciones se completa con una reflexión sobre las claves que permitirían entender las diferencias y similitudes en el modelo de ciudad que plantean distintos gobiernos que pertenecen al mismo partido político. Así se consideran diversos factores: si la política urbana se concentra en la lógica interna de la propia ciudad o se orienta hacia una lógica global; si se considera la ciudad como un espacio político o como un espacio de oportunidades económicas o si el protagonismo o liderazgo de las distintas fases es local o de otros niveles de gobierno. ; O artigo reflexiona sobre as diferentes etapas pelas quais transcorreu a política urbana da cidade de Madri, buscando delimitar fases que apresentem coerência interna face ao modelo de cidade buscado e as ações impulsionadas. A descrição das ações completa-se com uma reflexão sobre as principais dimensões que permitiriam entender as diferenças e similaridades no modelo de cidade defendido por governos diferentes pertencentes ao mesmo partido político. Consideram-se, desse modo, os seguintes fatores: se a política urbana concentra-se na lógica interna da própria cidade ou se orienta à uma lógica global; se a cidade é considerada como um espaço político ou como um espaço de oportunidades econômicas; ou se o protagonismo ou liderança das diversas fases é local ou de outros níveis de governo.
This report provides the guiding framework for cities to transform their relationship with nature and to drive an urban development that leaves natural capital enriched and not depleted, a vision that the Colombian government has defined as "BiodiverCities". Building on this country's leadership, the World Economic Forum and Colombia have partnered to scale a global initiative with a major ambition: BiodiverCities by 2030. We have the opportunity to design more resilient and adaptive futures for cities across the globe by drawing together multidisciplinary expertise and spurring nature-positive entrepreneurial approaches in the next decade. We encourage city officials, the private sector and the whole urban community to harvest and spread the evidence on the real opportunities for cities to reverse their impact on nature and to build an enabling environment in their own city contexts whereby biodiversity and nature-based solutions are brought to the centre of the urban agenda. ; Bogotá D.C.
Presentación ; González Cruz, Fortunato ; Artículos ; Federalismo y Democracia: dos principios fundamentales desconocidos por la "reforma" constitucional rechazada en diciembre ; del 2007. ; Federalism and Democracy: two fundamental principles out of the proposal of Contitucional reform rejected on december 2007 ; Herrera Orellana, Luis Alfonso ; Mérida: Reserva de biosfera urbana. ; Merida: biosphera urban reserve. ; Briceño Ávila, Morella; Gil Scheuren, Beatríz María y Gómez, Luz ; Movimiento indígena y liderazgo político local en la Sierra ecuatoriana: ¿Actores políticos o proceso social? ; Indigenous movements, and local political leadership in the Ecuadorian "Sierra". Political actors or social process? ; Lalander, Rickard y Gustafsson, Maria-Therese ; La imagen de marca de las ciudades. ; The brand image of the citiy ; Tinto, José Antonio ; Arquitectura del Estado y el Gobierno en Venezuela ; State architecture and the goverment in Venezuela ; González Cruz, Fortunato ; Aplicación del modelo de cinturón verde en la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela ; Application of the green belt model in the city of Caracas, Venezuela ; Llanos, Douglas y Almandoz,Arturo ; 57-90 ; rickard.lalander@helsinki.fi ; semestral ; Nivel analítico
The article analyzes theoretical proposals of 'partial regimes of participation', 'political institutions of secondary level' and 'urban regimes' relating them, from a historical perspective, with empiric data provided by some successful initiatives of the webs of Mexican civil organizations. Said relationship shows the viability of new forms of relationship society-governments in Mexico, underlining the showmanship of some forms of leadership within civil organizations. Adapted from the source document.
This article deals with the organization of the Grand Lodge of Peru, founded in 1882. Using Masonic publications and sources, it aims to establish the dynamics of its local lodges and to assess the character of Masonic activity in Peru at the end of the 19th century. Finally, it examines the political positioning of the Masonic leadership and its performance in the national political scene where it challenged Catholic exclusivity. ; Este artículo presenta un análisis de la organización de la Gran Logia del Perú, fundada en 1882. A partir de las fuentes masónicas, se busca establecer la dinámica de cada logia y el carácter del accionar masónico. Finalmente, se examinan las actitudes políticas que fomentaron sus dirigentes y su actuación en la escena nacional donde desafiaron al exclusivismo católico.
In the sprawling megalopolis of Metro Manila, the failure or inability of centralized public and privatized water service utilities to connect outlying and poor communities within their service areas led to the emergence of community-owned water providers run by cooperatives and neighborhood associations, often led and initiated by women. Born out of necessity and daily struggles to provide water for their households, communities organize themselves as water service cooperatives or associative water systems that assume the traditional role of the state as duty-bearers in ensuring universal access and human rights to water. Employing long-term ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, key informant interviews and literature review, this paper critically examines urban poor communities' experimentations of water service provisioning whereby women have taken on the cudgels to effectively deliver water to their own people and in the process, practice self-governance and autonomy. Using neo-institutionalist (Ostrom and Cox, 2010) and critical socio-institutionalist frameworks (Cleaver, 2002), we critically interrogate the praxes of women-led associative water systems, a model whereby water consumers both control and own the service in their capacity as consumers, using the cases of Bagong Silang and Recomville Two water service cooperatives located in Caloocan City. By illustrating on-the-ground experiences, we stress the crucial role that waterless citizens and communities play in bridging the gap in the country's water service provision, thereby expanding the private/public dichotomies that often dominate water governance debates. Through these case studies, we argue that associative water systems were borne out of collective desire to have safe, clean, and affordable water to flow to waterless communities. As Metro Manila remains under a privatized water set up, these community-owned initiatives are legitimate expressions of social transformation. We problematize how these women-led associative water systems progress in the face of neoliberal governance marked by hegemonic power of private and public actors. We also investigate how democracy is exercised —or not— within these systems as well as surface the various contestations they face. This paper therefore scrutinizes the principles and pitfalls of, the ups and downs and lessons learnt from associative water systems in providing piped connections to waterless communities. Our aim is to shed light on the reconstruction of public services anchored on collective action. We find that the political possibility for collective self-organization and bottom-up social governance are facilitated or constrained by a combination of political, socioeconomic factors such as access to technical inputs and financing, social acceptability and legitimacy of the cooperative, sustained social organizing, and understanding of micro-politics and power in the community. Afterall, community-led initiatives operate in a highly contentious local politics marked by clientelism and heterogeneity. We posit that the successes of associative water systems lie on their ability to practice democracy, transparency, and accountability as well as mobilize social capital, trust, and cooperation. However, the experiences of urban poor communities in Caloocan City reveal a more complicated picture in which water service cooperatives are plagued by multiple governance issues, internal corruption, power struggles, and affordability issues. The process of building cooperatives is tension-laden, revealing the challenges of creating the commons through sociopolitical and institutional arrangements on the ground. The paper further reveals how state and market institutions successfully managed to define the terms of engagement with the urban poor communities that constrain the latter's capability to expand water service in their areas, on one hand. On the other, private and public actors have distanced themselves from the people and obscured their objectives and economic interests from the communities they are supposed to serve. This generated a situation where dissatisfaction and capitalistic exploitation are directed toward cooperatives, instead, further redefining social relations within communities (Cheng, 2014; Chng, 2008). The paper is organized into six sections. The first parts provide a short introduction of the topic as well as a brief overview of the history and socio-political underpinnings of Metro Manila's water privatization and neoliberal undercurrents that gave way to the rise of associative water systems. The second section outlines methodological considerations that detail our general approach in gathering empirical material. The third part offers a conceptual and literature review of associative water systems in theory and practice, outlining the positive and promising principles as well as the pitfalls of the model as commons or bottom-up social governance. Examples from Bolivia and the Philippines are mentioned that offered inspiration for urban poor communities in Caloocan City to embark on their own cooperative-building and water service provisioning. The fourth part narrates the dynamics, history, and experiences of Bagong Silang and Recomville Two water service cooperatives, underlining the similarities in the contexts where they operate as well as the various tensions and challenges they faced in the process of creating cooperatives and delivering quality and safe water to the urban poor households. We pay special attention to the role of women as leaders and changemakers amid a generally masculinized culture. The part played by two NGOs as wayfinders and supporters that accompanied the cooperatives accentuate the importance of having allies and partners in the process. We also detail how the uneven and inequitable relationship between Maynilad and the cooperatives produced a culture of payment for water which partially contributed to strained social relationships in the community. This culture restructured the roles and responsibilities among community, state, and market actors. The fifth part sketches the lessons learnt from these experiences, underlining the communities' struggle for self-governance and autonomy to remake public services through collective action and participation in water service provision and stressing the crucial role that women played in the process. This section also identifies three challenges around issues of non-participation, power, and outcomes/impacts, underscoring the dangers of fetishizing communities (Cleaver, 2002) as homogenous, idealized forms or sources of social innovation. Divided along the lines of gender and class, women empowerment facilitated by the cooperative through trainings and skills enhancement did not sit well with some men in the communities. Further, the capacity to pay for water of the urban poor that is greatly tied to precarity of work and informality affects the operations and management of the system. We conclude by reiterating the pivotal role played by communities in enabling water to flow to their homes. But associative water systems are far from perfect. As on-going works-in-progress, the urban poor's desired water services can only be discovered and constructed through daily —democratic— political struggles, collective action, and contestations. The praxes of associative water systems accentuate what Dahl and Soss (2012, as mentioned in McDonald, 2016) argue that "democratic conceptions of the common good will always be partial and provisional, never universal or static" (p. 4). ; En la megalópolis en expansión de Metro Manila, el fracaso o la incapacidad de los servicios públicos centralizados y privatizados de los servicios de agua para conectar a las comunidades pobres y periféricas dentro de sus áreas de servicio llevó al surgimiento de proveedores de agua de propiedad comunitaria administrados por cooperativas y asociaciones de vecinos, lo que entendemos como sistemas de agua asociados, que a menudo son dirigidos e iniciados por mujeres. A través de un trabajo de campo etnográfico, la observación participante, entrevistas con sujetos clave y mediante una revisión de la literatura, nuestro artículo investiga críticamente las prácticas de los sistemas de agua asociativos dirigidos por mujeres, anclados en la acción colectiva, entendidos como alternativa a las fallas del estado y del mercado. Utilizando marcos neoinstitucionalistas y socioinstitucionalistas críticos, enfocamos nuestro trabajo en dos comunidades sin agua ubicadas en la ciudad de Caloocan y subrayamos sus luchas diarias por el autogobierno y el compromiso crítico con los límites de la publicidad. Encontramos que la posibilidad política de autoorganización colectiva y de gobernanza social bottom-up, se ve facilitada o restringida por una combinación de factores políticos y socioeconómicos, tales como: el acceso a insumos técnicos y financiación, aceptación y legitimidad social de la cooperativa, sostenibilidad en el tiempo, así como la confrontación de micropolíticas y relaciones de poder dentro de la comunidad. Las iniciativas lideradas por la comunidad operan en una política local altamente polémica marcada por el clientelismo, la heterogeneidad, así como por las dinámicas de clase y género. El documento también demuestra el papel fundamental de las mujeres —a menudo desatendidas tanto en la vida como en la política de la comunidad—, como vanguardistas en la realización del derecho humano al agua de las comunidades. Las cooperativas entendidas como vehículos de empoderamiento para las mujeres ayudaron a la promoción de su movilidad social y de su reconocimiento como miembros importantes, reconstruyeron sus identidades y relaciones tanto dentro de la comunidad, como de la familia, a través de expresiones diferenciadas de agencia humana y acción colectiva. Por último, los casos estudiados, ofrecen lecciones y desafíos importantes sobre la (re)creación de servicios públicos, implorando a los profesionales, los responsables políticos y los activistas que analicen los beneficios y los límites de tales formas en el contexto de la gobernabilidad neoliberal y las desigualdades continuas.
Planetary urbanization has involved an urban growth that transformed territories and its people. Thus, territorial planning has need to face urgent responses from the governmental and municipal spheres in order to guarantee wellbeing and local identities, and look after sustainable growth of cities. This article proposes four key elements that need to be considered by urban planning and management before the implementation of major urban projects which implies a responsible and coordinated dialogue with the community. These factors are identified by analyzing the case of the New International Airport of Quito (NAIQ). The way in which rootedness has shifted in Talabela´s community, where the NAIQ was constructed is examined. The paper proposes that social organization, the transmission of traditions, values of solidarity and leadership, are critical aspects that emerge together with the installation of such projects while focus in safeguarding and strengthening community participation. ; La urbanización planetaria ha comprometido un crecimiento urbano que transforma los territorios y a sus habitantes. Ante ello, la planificación territorial ha dado respuestas urgentes desde la esfera gubernamental y municipal a problemas de la escala local, atendiendo las necesidades de crecimiento sustentable de las ciudades en procura del resguardo del bienestar y de las identidades locales. El artículo propone cuatro factores clave para la planificación y la gestión de la ciudad de manera responsable y coordinada con la población afectada, a partir del caso de estudio del Nuevo Aeropuerto Internacional de la ciudad de Quito (NAIQ). Se examina cómo el arraigo de la comunidad de Tababela, lugar donde se emplazó el aeropuerto, fue modificado con su presencia y se plantea que la organización social, la transmisión de tradiciones, los valores solidarios y el liderazgo son aspectos claves para el arraigo ante la llegada de grandes proyectos urbanos. ; L'urbanisation planétaire a compromis la croissance urbaine transformant les territoires et ses habitants. Compte tenu de cela, la planification territoriale a dû trouver des réponses urgentes, au travers des gouvernements et des municipalités, face aux problèmes locaux et s'est chargé de répondre aux nécessités de développement durable des villes, en essayant de préserver le bien-être et les identités locales. L'article propose quatre facteurs clés de planification et gestion de la ville de manière responsable et coordonnée avec les populations affectées, à partir de l'analyse du cas du Nouvel Aéroport International de la ville de Quito (NAIQ). Y est analysé comment l'enracinement de la communauté de Tababela, lieu de construction de l'aéroport, a été modifié par sa présence. Il est proposé que l'organisation sociale, la transmission des traditions, les valeurs de solidarité et le leadership constituent des aspects essentiels, pour préserver l'enracinement face au développement de grands projets urbains. ; A urbanização planetária proporcionou um crescimento urbano que vem transformando o território e seus habitantes. Frente a isso a planificação territorial tem dado respostas urgentes desde a esfera governamental e municipal a problemas de escala local, e tem atendido as necessidades de crescimento sustentável das cidades, procurando resguardar o bem-estar e as identidades locais. O artigo propõe quatro fatores que devem ser considerados no momento da planificação e gestão da cidade de maneira responsável e coordenada com a população afetada, a partir do caso de estudo do Novo Aeroporto Internacional da cidade de Quito (NAIQ). Se examina a maneira na qual a representatividade da comunidade de Tababela, lugar onde foi implantado o aeroporto, foi modificado pela presença do mesmo e se propõe que a organização social, a transmissão de tradições, os valores solidários e a liderança são aspectos chaves para resguardar a representatividade diante da implantação de grandes projetos urbanos.
El presente trabajo realiza un acercamiento histórico morfológico al proceso urbano de conformación del espacio portuario de Guayaquil entre su fundación colonial y el siglo XIX, incorporando elementos estructurales, mutaciones y actores determinantes para definir sus características, tanto a nivel interno como sus vinculaciones con el hinterland agrícola y sus variaciones hasta la época republicana. La gestión del cabildo en ese período atravesó momentos de sumisión, acatamiento, rebelión o cooperación, según las coyunturas políticas del contexto y el liderazgo ejercido desde lo local. El "Gran incendio" de 1896 marca temporal y físicamente el final de un período de evolución urbana que en su reconstrucción tendrá variaciones importantes para la vida urbana resultante al impulso del segundo boom cacaotero y las celebraciones centenarias de su independencia. ; This work approaches the urban process of the port space of Guayaquil from a historic and morphologic point of view, between its foundation and the 19th century, taking into account structural elements, mutations and determining actors, to define its characteristics, both internally and its links with the hinterland agricultural and its variations until the Republican era. The management of the town hall in that period went through moments of submission, compliance, rebellion or cooperation, according to the political context and the leadership exercised from the local level. The "Gran Incendio" in 1896 marks temporarily and physically the end of a period of urban evolution, that in its reconstruction will have important variations for urban life resulting from the momentum of the second cocoa boom and the centennial celebrations of its independence.
The historical sources for the 5th century, mainly Prosperus, Priscus –preserved only in fragmentary form – and Jordanes, do not answer many of the modern historian's questions. That is why in this study we intend to add some hagiographic sources to the historical analysis, with special attention to the Vita sanctae Genovevae -an anonymous biography from the beginning of the 6th century-, with the aim of achieving a more complete image of the complex events that took place in the Western part of the Roman Empire during the fifth century. These sources, often neglected, allow us to glimpse some nuances that are difficult to perceive if we do not work with all the preserved testimonies. This century largely maintains its social and political order due to the brute force and coercion that various powers –accompanied by powerful armies– unleashed on the frightened communities. It is in this context of violence that diplomatic negotiation at the local level –urban communities– became essential. These mediation tasks with the political powers and armies –Goths, Huns, Franks, etc.– frequently fell on the increasingly influential figure of the bishop, who, as a defensor civitatis, took care of many functions neglected by the late Roman civil administration. The new model of leadership born from the high Christian hierarchies also found some female figures who, like Martin of Tours or Anianus of Orleans, would lead the resistance of the urban communities to which they belonged. This was the case of Genevieve of Paris, who, breaking with the model of traditional feminine holiness (martyr-ascetic) dealt with the negotiation with the Parisian elites, the food supply of the city during the Frank economic blockade or also the creation of religious center of vital importance for the cohesion of the new Christian community during the final crisis of the Western empire. ; Las fuentes propiamente históricas de las que disponemos para el siglo V, principalmente Próspero, Prisco –de manera fragmentaria– y Jordanes para el VI, no ...