Suchergebnisse

In Europa, la cartografia tecnica e tematica accompagna i decision maker nella scelta di appropriate policy di organizzazione e governo del territorio, dell'economia, della società, dell'ambiente (pianificazione integrata strategica), allo scopo di ridurre l'incertezza dei risultati attesi. Attraverso la Direttiva Inspire (dal 2009 ad oggi), molte regioni hanno contribuito ad utilizzare lo strumento della place evidence per aumentare il livello di coesione intra e trans nazionale adottando metodologie condivise, oggi utili alla costruzione di scenari e visioni predittivi di medio-lungo periodo entro cui inserire progetti di breve, valutando ex ante gli impatti territorializzati degli stessi in relazione agli Investimenti Integrati Strategici. La cartografia assolve dunque ad un obiettivo politico e supporta le politiche pubbliche economico-territoriali. In questa sede il suo rinnovato ruolo è discusso in relazione al policymaking Europe 2020 e al Cultural Heritage, portando ad esempio i risultati ottenuti attraverso l'applicazione del tool GIS STeMA (Sustainable Territorial environmental/economic Management Approach for Territorial Impact Assessment). ; In Europe, the technical and thematic cartography supports decision makers in order to choice appropriate policies for territorial management and governance. Economic, social and environmental issues are also included in the mapping that accompanies the strategic and integrated planning, as well as the assessment processes reducing the uncertainty of the expected results. From 2009 today, by the Inspire Directive, several regions contribute to use the place evidence instrument, increasing the intra and transnational cohesion level. They adopted common methodological approach that are now useful for building predictive medium-long term scenarios and visions starting from short-term projects and assessing their ex ante territorialised impacts related to Integrated Strategic Investments (ITI). As place evidence, cartography and mapping absolve this political objective supporting the public economic-territorial choices. In the following, their renewed position in European arena is discussed with regard to the Europe 2020 and the Cultural Heritage policymaking. Some experiences and case studies are mentioned as results of the STeMA (Sustainable Territorial environmental/economic Management Approach for Territorial Impact Assessment) tool GIS application.

Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter's gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful ; This work was funded by TOTAL under the framework of the Orogen project, with funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the research team RNM-194 of Junta de Andalucía (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

The Principle of Utility can be regarded as the keystone of the Benthamite ethical and political thought. In fact, it is at the core of Bentham's two major works Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation and Deontology. At the same time, the question has been raised about its foundation. This paper is aimed at showing that this foundation can be found in the elenctic defense he proposes at the beginning of his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.

The article explores the role played by interest, which is generally underestimated by critics, in the construction of the «possible society » described by Rousseau in the "Contrat social". Interest, even if it seems at first glance unrelated to the normative plan of the principles of political law, holds a triple relationship with political society. First of all, it is the opposition of particular interests ("intérêts particuliers") that makes the social bond necessary, in order to grant natural justice. Secondly, it is the agreement of particular interests (understood as "intérêt individual" and not simply as "intérêt privé") that makes society possible. Finally, it is the common interest ("intérêt commun") that becomes the only possible object of general will, thus confirming that the social body is definitely formed not against, but through interest. In conclusion, the article suggests that it is precisely the dialectic of interest that sketches the horizon of «possibility» in which the normative project of Rousseau is inscribed.

Europe 2020 is the European Union's growth strategy for the coming decade. In a changing world, policy makers want the EU to become a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should help the European Union and the Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity and social cohesion. The main aim of this paper is to analyze whether those partially new guidelines in regional policies may be beneficial to reduce the Mezzogiorno socio-economic differentials. This question is important for Southern regions after a partial failure highlighted in the new regional policy (NRP) applied in Italy since the 1990s. Procedural utility is introduced in the paper. According to Frey procedural utility means that people not value actual outcomes, i.e. the what but also the conditions and processes that leads to these outcomes. Procedural utility means that people may have preferences about how instrumental outcomes are generated. Procedures require good institutions and their lack in the Italian Southern regions may annul any planned growth strategy giving us insights on some potential drawbacks of these new European regional policies.

During the last fifteen years, the applications of experimental method in political science has grown so much that today many political scientists consider it a tool of great utility for their analyses. Given its own characteristics, the experimental design seems to be a methodology at the cut egde for the study of political behaviour, both for interdisciplinary approach, which make easier the dialogue with other social and human sciences, such as cognitive psychology, economics, and sociology, and for its attitude to test research hypothesis according with the theoretical model of causal explanation. After a short introduction on the nature of experimental methods and the validity of the laboratory proof, some of the most interesting experimental results in political science are discussed, paying particular attention to electoral behaviour, voting, decision making, coordination and cooperation mechanisms in international relations. The wide range of applications, including those in the field of genetic and neuroscience, testifies the utility and saliency of the experimental method in answering to new research questions.

The Constitutional Court has returned to the Parliament the choice about the possibility of using human embryos for research. The Court acknowledges that it is an ethical controversial issue and recognizes that the evaluation should be made by the Parliament. For this reason, the Court's decision can be defined as prudent. The issue remains that of understanding why the earlier case-law has annulled those parts of the law that established choices on issues that were also very much debated, that are equally important from an ethical standpoint. So far, the Constitutional Court has further accentuated the principle of utility – in reference to "needs of procreation" – in respect to the principle of protection of the unborn life, having denied the request of unconstitutionality of the testing of embryo prohibition perhaps may be an answer to a different logic. The current forecast of Law 40 endorses a logic of caution and responsibility, which bans the use of embryos for research. Especially as the research through embryonic stem cells so far has not led to any clinical trial and, most recently, genetic engineering has come to produce genetically modified human embryos, which the scientists themselves, for now, have decided not to implant in uterus.

The dissertation explores the work and activities of archives and archivists in Milan during the 18th and the first half of the 19th Centuries, paying particular attention to the social, political and cultural background. The five chapters are each dedicated to a different historical phase and deal with a number of common themes: archival method and procedure, legislation, utility of archival material, management and organization of archival institutions, development of the profession of archivist.

The author returns, after a few years, to the theme of the nomination of life senators on the part of the president of the republic, in order to give an account of the recent applications of the relative norms &, in particular, of the paths leading to reform of those norms within the wider context of constitutional reform. The author also takes note of the recent "extra-institutional" phenomenon consisting in the fact of numerous "candidatures" being put forward informally &, conversely, the three nominations made by the current president Ciampi (2001/2004). The author concludes with some critical considerations concerning the utility of the institution of presidential nomination of life senators. Adapted from the source document.

During the next EU programming, Italy will suggest to commit a substantial portion of the funds to the development of the inland areas. This will happen through a structured program that will interact, since its start-up, with the local subjects in order to combine and to bind the development with the territory. The maintenance of the territory together with the involvement of the local communities focus the attention on the management of the common goods. The debate is still open and the inland areas policy which is built up by the Department for Development and Economic Cohesion (formerly the Department for Development Policy and Cohesion) of the Ministry of Economic Development, does not face the legal recognition of the common properties as such (see the works of Rodotà's commission), but it acknowledges their public utility through the practice of the development policies and the funding channels.

This paper aims to study liberalization from a strict judicial perspective, warning legislator of bonds and ties which deregulation must respect. The elected point of view will be the central relation in economy law between free enterprise - economic liberty, on one side, and bonds related to social utilities, on the other. Article 41 of Italian Constitution as well as article 3 paragraph 3 of European Union Treaty clearly refer to a social market economy. The analysis will examine the main liberalization experiences in net services and local public utilities, where liberalization means disappearance of administrative power and control. The deficit of effectiveness and difficulty of legislative power in achieving liberalization goals are the main common denominator in all the liberalization experiences examined. The conclusion is the axiom that liberalization is helpful for the economic growth must be reconsidered and assessed together with the conditions of a social affordable liberalization. Liberalization cannot advance without positively overcoming the social utility benefit