The article considers the principle of utility in the view of the British economist and juristJeremy Bentham. Historical origins of this principle are examined. The interdependence of theprinciple and the sophistic school is shown.The article reveals Jeremy Bentham's point of view on the concepts of "society" and "individual",the right and law, "pleasure" and "suffering", freedom of action and restriction ofliberty, rights and responsibilities.Based on the analysis of different works, the authors specify the standpoint of JeremyBentham, according to which the main objective of the government is to increase pleasure anddecrease sufferings of the individual and the society as a whole.Also, the authors mention four sources from which, according to Bentham, "pleasure" and"pain" derive: 1) physical, 2) political, 3) moral, and 4) religious. Their contents are revealed. ; Статья посвящена принципу полезности во взглядах английского правоведа иэкономиста Иеремии Бентама. Рассмотрены исторические истоки появления данно-го принципа, показывается его взаимосвязь с идеями софисткой школы.В статье раскрывается точка зрения И. Бентама на понятия «общество» и «ин-дивидуум», право и закон, «удовольствие» и «страдание», свобода действий и огра-ничение свободы, права и обязанности.На основе анализа разных работ, выявлена позиция И. Бентама, согласно кото-рой главной целью правительства является увеличение удовольствий и уменьшениестраданий как отдельной личности, так и всего общества в целом.Также в статье выделяются четыре источника, из которых, по мнению И. Бен-тама, проистекают «удовольствия» и «страдания»: 1) физический, 2) политический,3) нравственный и 4) религиозный, раскрывается их содержание.
Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter's gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful ; This work was funded by TOTAL under the framework of the Orogen project, with funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the research team RNM-194 of Junta de Andalucía (Spain). ; Peer reviewed
Specificity and criteria of definition of efficiency in sphere of the government are considered. Importance of social effect of results of activity of public authorities for a society is underlined. The attention to concepts of public and social utility in sphere of the government is focused. ; Рассматриваются специфика и критерии определения эффективности в сфере государственного управления. Подчеркивается важность социального эффекта результатов деятельности органов государственной власти для общества. Акцентировано внимание на понятиях общественной и социальной полезности в сфере государственного управления.
The article examines the new role played by the state as a deliberate economic actor. The basis here is provided by the direct activity of the state in regulating the economy, as is characteristic of all economically developed countries. But at the same time, market regulators are beginning to die away, and are already fulfilling a secondary role. This situation is resulting in a change to the economy itself, with the previous goal of development-the maximising of profits-being replaced by the maximising of social utility. The degree and significance of conscious economic regulation, whose basis is scientific knowledge, is increasing. A new quality of the economy, designated by the article as noonomy, is emerging; this is steeped in scientific knowledge and in planned, considered regulation. The objective basis of this process is a new technological order within which production is permeated by complex technological systems, and for which knowledge-intensive production is a primary requirement. All this is serving to bring changes to political economy. In place of the classical political economy that concentrated on research into questions of market production and exchange, the new political economy or post-classical political economy studies the relations between people from the angle of social utility, that is, the exchanging of knowledge, information and activity with the goal of achieving economies in the use of social time.
Orphan drugs are used for treatment of rare life-threatening diseases. There is no universal definition of a rare disease and no universal approach to orphan drugs legislation. As a result, decision-making in this field requires results of pharmacoeconomic analysis, which structure and interpretation need a specific approach due to high costs of the drugs and limited sample size. Cost-utility analysis, risk management, and international rare diseases patient registries could be used to solve these problems. ; Орфанные лекарственные средства (ЛС) применяют для лечения редких жизнеугрожающих заболеваний. Единого определения редкого заболевания не существует, как не существует и единого подхода к контролю орфанных ЛС. Механизм образования стоимости орфанных препаратов многими авторами расценивается как непрозрачный, и в целом затраты на них оказываются очень высокими. В связи с этим для принятия обоснованных решений в этой области требуются данные фармакоэкономического анализа, структура и интерпретация результатов которого требуют особого подхода с учетом высокой стоимости ЛС и ограниченности контингента пациентов. Для решения данной проблемы применяют анализ «затраты-полезность», системы управления рисками, а также формируют международные регистры пациентов с орфанными заболеваниями.
The subject of the paper is conclusion and execution of direct contracts between consumers and utilities providers.The main aim of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that direct contracts between consumers and utilities providers are more convenient for utilities providers than for consumers.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, description) as well as particular academic legal methods (formal-legal analysis of theoretical and regulatory sources, interpretation of legal acts, judicial and arbitration practice).The main results and scope of their application. The current procedure for the provision and payment of utilities is based on the concept of "performer of utilities", which are the management organizations, homeowners' associations, housing cooperatives. The performer of utilities enters into a contract with utilities provider. These utilities are acquired by the contractor at the border of its operational responsibility (on the border of an apartment building), then this resource is already provided as a utility service to final users – tenants and owners of premises in an apartment building. Consumers pay for utility services to the contractor of utilities, and he, in turn, transfers the received payments to the utilities provider (resource supplying organization). Such a scheme of contractual relations leads to problems, including the following: the performers do not enter into contracts with the utilities providers (resource-supplying organizations), thereby trying to exclude their responsibility for the quality of services; do not pay fully or partially for the supplied utility resource. In this regard, the legislation has been amended to allow direct contracts between consumers of public services and resource organizations and, accordingly, directly pay for utilities.Conclusions. Direct contracts between consumers and utilities providers are more convenient for utilities providers than for consumers in the scope of responsibility for the poor quality of utilities. ; Рассматривается закрепленная в жилищном законодательстве и подтвержденная правоприменительной практикой концепция «исполнителя коммунальных услуг», допускающая возможность осуществления прямых расчетов и заключения прямых договоров потребителей коммунальных услуг с ресурсоснабжающими организациями, анализируются проблемы, связанные с введением нового порядка заключения прямых договоров с ресурсоснабжающими организациями и региональным оператором по обращению с твердыми коммунальными отходами.
в статье проведен анализ двух вариантов оплаты ресурсов на общедомовые нужды ; рассмотрены преимущества и недостатки каждого из них. Приведены с учётом принятых законодательных документов рекомендации по оптимизации расходов собственников за коммунальные услуги. ; An analysis of two variants of charging shared utilities is conducted, advantages and disadvantages of each variant are considered. Recommendations for optimization of expenditures for houseowners are given in view of the active legislation
This article provides the analysis of the updated versions of the existing legislative framework, regulating legal relations in the state registration of intellectual property. It considers expert views on the mentioned issue and provides with certain recommendations that are reasonable to be taken into account when patenting inventions in the Russian Federation. The authors analyzed the foreign law enforcement protection of intellectual property in the pharmaceutical sphere. The information described in the present article may be useful for experts involved in registration and introduction of scientific results when preparing and maintaining the documentation required for an application for state registration of intellectual property, including the pharmaceutical sphere. ; Сформулированы отдельные рекомендации, которые целесообразно учитывать при патентовании изобретений в Российской Федерации. Авторами проведен анализ зарубежной правоприменительной практики защиты объектов интеллектуальной собственности в области фармацевтики. Представленные сведения могут быть полезны для специалистов, занимающихся созданием, регистрацией и внедрением результатов научной деятельности при подготовке и сопровождении документации, необходимой при подаче заявки на государственную регистрацию интеллектуальной собственности, в том числе в области фармацевтики.
The investment risk evaluation technique for water and sanitation sector in the Russian Federation has been proposed. A review of current legislation revealed that there is no holistic approach to investment risk evaluation for Russian Public-Private Partnership projects in domestic utility sector. The article reveals, that various methods can be used for investment risk evaluation (decision tree, effective percentage rate correction, cost sensitivity analysis and others). The method choice is defined according to the type of investment project, the risk evaluation goal, the available information and the type of the identified investment risk. The proposed investment risk evaluation technique takes due account of Russian utility sector investment projects features and the list of disclosed information. ; Предложена методика оценки рисков инвестирования в сфере водоснабжения и водоотведения Российской Федерации. Результаты анализа действующих нормативно-методических документов свидетельствуют об отсутствии комплексного подхода к оценке рисков инвестирования по проектам государственно-частного партнерства в отечественной коммунальной сфере. Показано, что для оценки рисков инвестирования могут быть использованы различные методы (метод дерева решений, корректировки ставки сравнения, метод анализа чувствительности и др.). Выбор метода определяется типом инвестиционного проекта, целью оценки рисков, а также составом исходной информации и типом идентифицированного риска. Предлагаемая методика разработана с учетом особенностей реализации инвестиционных проектов в коммунальной сфере Российской Федерации и состава раскрываемой предприятиями информации.
Introduction. The need for increasing the investment attractiveness of Russian regions and meeting the needs of territories for qualified personnel updates the search for infrastructure and coordination mechanisms and tools of the solution of these problems. At the same time, the diversity of interests of participants in dual education and their various structural positions do not allow to solve this task by directive methods, both on the part of state structures and corporate sectors. One of the solutions might be to form an effective management system for dual education, which assumes the organisation of practical vocational training according to inquiries of employers, who are involved in implementation of educational process in order to promote labour market with in-demand experts. The aim of the present research was the scientific substantiation of the choice of the institutional model for management of dual education system at the regional level, taking into account the interests of all its members: enterprises, government agencies, students and educational institutions. Methodology and research methods. The research was based on the systematic approach. The methods of modelling and comparative analysis were employed. The provisions and principles of utility theory served as the methodological basis of institutional model formation. Results and scientific novelty. The main target reference points of regional participants of dual education were identified and formalised in the form of certain indicators. Two types of models of management of these subjects were considered: models with and without the usage of institutional superstructures. As a key criterion for model selection, maximization of a complex indicator of its utility for interested parties was offered. In particular, it was demonstrated that supervision of graduates by a certain employer is caused by parameters of employment attractiveness, such as a wide range of horizontal and vertical career cards and a possibility of continuing vocational education. The conducted quantitative research on utility indicators allowed the authors to design the institutional model for management of regional participants within the system of dual education and to recommend it for further implementation. Practical significance. The institutional model presented in the publication is directed to the solution of tasks faced by partner companies and educational establishments within the system of dual education. When applying this model, it is possible to forecast personnel requirements – job availability in the future of jobs, resulting to a considerable simplification of vocational guidance work, which can be carried out in the course of applicants' preparation. ; Введение. Необходимость повышения инвестиционной привлекательности регионов России и удовлетворения нужд территорий в квалифицированных кадрах актуализирует поиск инфраструктурных и координационных механизмов и инструментария решения данных проблем. Справиться с ними нельзя исключительно директивными мерами, исходящими как от государственных структур, так и от корпоративного сектора, по причине разнонаправленности их интересов и различных функциональных позиций. Одним из выходов может быть построение региональной модели эффективного управления системой дуального образования, которое предполагает организацию практической профессиональной подготовки в соответствии с запросами работодателей, привлекающихся к осуществлению учебного процесса, и, как следствие, обеспечение рынка труда действительно востребованными специалистами. Цель данной статьи – научное обоснование выбора институциональной модели управления дуальной системой обучения на региональном уровне с учетом интересов всех ее субъектов: предприятий, государства, учащихся и образовательных учреждений. Методология и методы. Работа выполнялась с опорой на системный подход, были задействованы методы моделирования и сравнительного анализа. Методологическую основу формирования институциональной модели составили положения и принципы теории полезности. Результаты и научная новизна. Выявлены и формализованы в виде конкретных показателей основные целевые ориентиры региональных участников дуального образования. Рассмотрены два типа моделей управления Институциональное моделирование системы управления региональными участниками дуального образования этими субъектами: с использованием и без использования институциональных надстроек. В качестве ключевого критерия выбора модели предложена максимизация комплексного показателя ее полезности для заинтересованных сторон. В частности, показано, что закрепление выпускников за определенным работодателем обусловлено параметрами привлекательности трудоустройства, такими как широкий спектр горизонтальных и вертикальных карьерных карт и возможности продолжения профессионального обучения. Проведенное количественное исследование показателей полезности позволило сконструировать институциональную модель управления региональными участниками дуального образования, рекомендуемую авторами к реализации. Практическая значимость. Описанная в публикации институциональная модель направлена на решение задач, стоящих перед компаниями-партнерами и образовательными организациями, в рамках системы дуального образования. Посредством применения данной модели возможно прогнозирование потребности в кадрах – наличия в будущем рабочих мест, что в значительной степени упрощает профориентационную работу, которая может проводиться еще на стадии подготовки абитуриентов.
This article discusses some aspects of the balanced allocation of scarce resources of innovative industrial concern among enterprises. The author's solution to this problem on the basis of nonmanipulable mechanisms to support decision- making decision- makers is suggested. It is proved that optimal decision-making processes in economic systems must be sought in the class of nonmanipulable mechanism under certain conditions particularly under transferable utility. It is shown that the current problem of the distribution of scarce resources is well studied as a problem of individual decision-making, but in practice it has not been studied as a problem of collective manipulability and mixed decision-making, while such formulation of the problem are highly relevant for modern practice under sanctions restrictions of Russian industrial concerns from the governments of the EU and the USA. ; Рассматриваются отдельные аспекты проблемы сбалансированного распределения ограниченных информационных ресурсов промышленного концерна между предприятиями. Предлагается авторское решение этой задачи на основе неманипулируемых механизмов поддержки принятия решений. Обосновано, что при определенных условиях, в частности, при нетрасферабельной полезности, оптимальные процедуры принятия решений в экономических системах необходимо искать именно в классе неманипулируемых механизмов. Показано, что в настоящее время задача распределения ограниченных ресурсов хорошо исследована как задача индивидуального принятия решений, но практически не исследована с точки зрения проблемы манипулируемости как задача коллективного и смешанного принятия решений, в то время как подобные ее постановки являются крайне актуальными для современной практики в условиях санкционных ограничений российских промышленных концернов со стороны правительства стран ЕС и США.
In the article the problems of violations and restore legality in the use of financial resources in housing and utilities sphere, analyzes the activities of energy supply enterprises in the housing sector. Given the experience of the prosecution on the organization of Prosecutor's supervision over observance of legislation in the sphere of tariff regulation of utility companies. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы выявления нарушений и восстановления законности при использовании финансовых ресурсов в жилищно-коммунальной сферы, дается анализ деятельности ресурсоснабжающих предприятий в сфере ЖКХ. Приводится опыт работы органов прокуратуры по организации прокурорского надзора за соблюдением законодательства в сфере тарифного регулирования предприятий коммунального комплекса.
The development of criteria for the coordination of macroeconomic and microeconomic interests is a rather laborious methodological task. The difficulty lies in the fact that the bulk of the issues related to the formation of the institutional economy is multifunctional and involves the development of issues of political economy, the scientific basis of management, its legal support, philosophy, sociology, management organization, the problems of the economy of the state and its sectors. There is no doubt that the solution of this difficult problem is possible only within the framework of systematic studies of economic processes and generalization of their results. In the centre of institutional reforms are not only the problems of formation of the social utility of the goods but also the problem of constant reduction of socially important costs for its creation. It is necessary to arrange so that any member of financial and economic process received the income depending on usefulness which it gives to society. The establishment of institutions of coercion was important in resolving the problem. With their support, it is likely to overcome the unwritten opposition of market players who are obliged to adapt to the macroeconomic situation.
The article discusses the barriers faced by people with physical disabilities, using air transport. Consideration literature, shows the difficulties they have to deal with people with disabilities in air traffic. The article presents a review of the utility, such as the quality and quantity (range) information given to people with disabilities, and web airports. Portals were used to evaluate one of the methods usability testing web pages, which is a method of cognitive wandering (called cognitive walkthrough). Evaluation criteria were selected on the basis of the recommendations of the European Parliament (Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 Concerning the rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility when traveling by air). According to the website includes the following airports: Chopin in Warsaw (Poland), Sheremetevo in Moscow (Russia) and London Heathrow (UK). The results show that although more and more attention is paid to people with disabilities (in the law), but the amount of information which can be read in the pages of airport services prior to travel is insufficient. ; Katarzyna Łogwiniuk