International audience ; Entre « afro-pessimisme » et « afro-optimisme », le refus des alternatives abusives commande le réalisme. Ainsi sur la violence, qui n'est pas seulement sociale et politique, mais qui relève aussi d'une « microphysique du pouvoir » décelable dans l'ordinaire des rapports sociaux : entre l'individu et la communauté prompte à sacrifier celui-ci comme victime émissaire d'une « logique totalitaire », entre hommes et femmes ou entre aînés et cadets, entre conjoints, entre locataires et propriétaires ou entre maîtres et élèves. On débouche alors sur l'hypothèse d'une circularité entre les violences ordinaires, enracinées dans la longue durée historique et culturelle, et les violences extrêmes, liées aux situations contemporaines de crise économique ou politique : les premières surdéterminant spécifiquement les secondes, les secondes exacerbant les premières.
International audience ; Entre « afro-pessimisme » et « afro-optimisme », le refus des alternatives abusives commande le réalisme. Ainsi sur la violence, qui n'est pas seulement sociale et politique, mais qui relève aussi d'une « microphysique du pouvoir » décelable dans l'ordinaire des rapports sociaux : entre l'individu et la communauté prompte à sacrifier celui-ci comme victime émissaire d'une « logique totalitaire », entre hommes et femmes ou entre aînés et cadets, entre conjoints, entre locataires et propriétaires ou entre maîtres et élèves. On débouche alors sur l'hypothèse d'une circularité entre les violences ordinaires, enracinées dans la longue durée historique et culturelle, et les violences extrêmes, liées aux situations contemporaines de crise économique ou politique : les premières surdéterminant spécifiquement les secondes, les secondes exacerbant les premières.
This unique volume seeks both to historicize and to deconstruct the pervasive, almost ritualistic, association of Africa with forms of terrorism as well as extreme violence, the latter bordering on and including genocide. Africa is tendentiously associated with violence in the popular and academic imagination alike. Written by leading authorities in postcolonial studies and African history, as well as highly promising emergent scholars, this book highlights political, social and cultural processes in Africa which incite violence or which facilitate its negotiation or negation through.
"Using discourses from across the conceptual and geographical board, Toby Miller argues for a different way of understanding violence, one that goes beyond supposedly universal human traits to focus instead on the specificities of history, place, and population as explanations for it. Violence engages these issues in a wide-ranging interdisciplinary form, examining definitions and data, psychology and ideology, gender, nation-states, and the media by covering several foundational questions: how has violence been defined, historically and geographically? has it decreased or increased over time? which regions of the world are the most violent? does violence correlate with economies, political systems, and religions? what is the relationship of gender and violence? what role do the media play? This book is a powerful introduction to the study of violence, ideal for students and researchers across the human sciences, most notably sociology, American and area studies, history, media and communication studies, politics, literature, and cultural studies"--
TO STUDY VIOLENCE WITHIN RELIGION IS TO CONFRONT A PARADOX. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE NATURE AND IMPLICATIONS OF THIS PARADOX, FOCUSING FOR THE MOST PART, ON THE PLACE OF VIOLENCE IN THE RELIGION OF PRIMITIVE OR PRE-STATE SOCIETIES. IT ADDRESSES THE QUESTION OF VIOLENCE IN A NON-WESTERN WORLD RELGION, ISLAM, WITHIN THE COMPARATIVE CONTEXT ESTABLISHED EARLY IN THE ARTICLE AND CONCLUDES THE THE SACRIFICIAL CHANNELING OF VIOLENCE AGAINST VIOLENCE IS ALWAYS IN DANGER OF SPILLING OVER INTO RENEWED REVENGE CYCLES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST VIOLENCE, ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN THE CONFUSION OF RITUAL AND HISTORY.
"Using discourses from across the conceptual and geographical board, Toby Miller argues for a different way of understanding violence, one that goes beyond supposedly universal human traits to focus instead on the specificities of history, place, and population as explanations for it. Violence engages these issues in a wide-ranging interdisciplinary form, examining definitions and data, psychology and ideology, gender, nation-states, and the media by covering several foundational questions: how has violence been defined, historically and geographically? has it decreased or increased over time? which regions of the world are the most violent? does violence correlate with economies, political systems, and religions? what is the relationship of gender and violence? what role do the media play? This book is a powerful introduction to the study of violence, ideal for students and researchers across the human sciences, most notably sociology, American and area studies, history, media and communication studies, politics, literature, and cultural studies"--
Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Figures and Table -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction -- Bibliography -- Part 1 Contributions to the Conceptualization of Violent Processes -- 'Too Many Women are Dying': the Public Construction of Private Violence in Scotland and New Zealand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Policy Context in the UK -- 3 A Problem of Definition -- 4 The Problem with Definition -- 5 A Methodological Approach -- 6 Capturing Violence: Defining Abuse -- 7 Risk and Responsibility -- 8 Identifying Victims and Perpetrators -- 9 The Role of the State -- 10 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Songs of Pain: Female Active Survivors in Claudia Llosa's The Milk of Sorrow -- 1 Representing Female Trauma -- 2 The Milk of Sorrow: a Female Perspective on Trauma -- 3 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Potential for Violence in Helping: Resisting the Neo-Colonialism of Humanitarian Action -- 1 Theoretical/Positional Framework -- 2 Helping within the Linear Lens -- 3 The Helper: Oppression Reinforced -- 4 Sustainable Peace Process: Context for an Ally Model -- 5 Ally Model: A Model for Change -- 6 Educating the Peaceworker as Ally -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Another Face of Violence: Internalized Oppression and Detrimental Contracts -- Bibliography -- Part 2 Historical Processes -- What Was and What Will Be: Denial as a Form of Violence -- Bibliography -- Part 3 Gender Violence -- 'Remaining Men Together': a Critique of Modern Experience through Fighting as a Reminder of the Body in Palahnuik's Fight Club -- Bibliography -- Women's Bodies, Men's War: the Political Economy of Military Rape and Gender Violence -- 1 Violent Submissions: Women, War and Rape -- 2 Noor: Rape as a Military Strategy -- 3 The Political Economy of Rape -- 4 Conclusion -- Bibliography.
DEFINITION OF THE TERM: Arriving at an adequate definition of the term "violence" is problematic due to the complexity involved in understanding the intentions of a perpetrator of violence. Different approaches to violence depend on the researcher's methodological and contentual approach. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERM: The article outlines the historical context of the various approaches to violence, including those of the Sophists and those formulated within modern political philosophy founded on the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The two concepts differ but share the conviction that institutional violence used by a sovereign is an important aspect of enforcing legal order in a state. DISCUSSION OF THE TERM: Violence is not a typical ethical problem. In this section of the article, the causes of violence are analysed and characterised from psychological, sociological, and cognitive science perspectives. Violent behaviour is treated as resulting from both individual and socio-institutional dysfunctions. Analysis is based on axiological theories (Max Scheler), political philosophy (Hannah Arendt), theories based on cognitive research on the causes of evil (Simon Baron-Cohen), and the findings of social psychologists and sociologists who investigate violence (Irena Pospiszyl, Agnieszka Widera-Wysoczyńska, Jacek Pyżalski). SYSTEMATIC REFLECTION WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The philosophical approach to violence seeks to understand the essential nature of violence, which in the context of this article is understood as a key aspect of moral evil. We often encounter various forms of aggression and violence (both physical and mental) in social life. Recently, we have witnessed an intensification of verbal and pictorial violence within the media. This section of the article lists the publications that are devoted to violence (apart from those that are included in the References). ; Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow ; Anzenbacher, A. (2010). Chrisliche Sozialethik. Einführung und Prinzipen [Wprowadzenie do chrześcijańskiej etyki społecznej], trans. L. Łysień. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. Arendt, H. (2003). Responsibility and Judgment [Odpowiedzialność osobista w warunkach dyktatury], trans. W. Madej and M. Godyń. In: H. Arendt, Odpowiedzialność i władza sądzenia. Warszawa: Pruszyński i S-ka. Violence 275 Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Zero Degrees of Evil [Teoria zła. O empatii i genezie okrucieństwa], trans. A. Nowak. Sopot: Wydawnictwo Smak Słowa. Hobbes, T. (2005). Leviathan [Lewiatan, czyli materia, forma i władza państwa kościelnego i świeckiego], trans. Cz. Znamierowski. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia. Krokiewicz, A. (1995). Zarys filozofii greckiej. Od Talesa do Platona. Arystoteles, Pirron i Plotyn. Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. (2005). Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church. Kielce: Wydawnictwo Jedność. Retrieved from: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace (accessed: 18.02.2020). Pospiszyl, I. (2008). Przemoc w rodzinie. In: B. Urban and J.M. Stanik (ed.), Resocjalizacja. Vol. 2. Warszawa: PWSPR, PWN, 71‒80. Pyżalski, J. (2012). Agresja elektroniczna wśród dzieci i młodzieży. Kraków: Impuls. Rousseau, J.-J. (1956). Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité [Rozprawa o pochodzeniu nierówności], transl. H. Elzenberg. In: J.-J. Rousseau, Trzy rozprawy z filozofii społecznej. Warszawa: PWN, 107–278. Scheler, M. (1988). Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik [Stosunek wartości "dobry" i "zły" do pozostałych wartości i do dóbr] (fragm.), trans. W. Galewicz. In: W. Galewicz (ed.), Z fenomenologii wartości. Teksty filozoficzne. Kraków: Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, 60–66. Wojtyła, K. (1986). Wykłady lubelskie. Człowiek i moralność. Part III. Ed. T. Styczeń et al. Lublin: Wydawnictwo TN KUL. Widera-Wysoczyńska, A. (2010), Mechanizmy p
This review presents the major lines of investigation regarding violence in Africa since the Cold War. After a historical introduction to the development of violent phenomena and their political contexts, diverse issues such as civil war, democratization, vigilantism, and the role of youth are assessed. It is argued that recent research has produced important insights by re-focusing on violent phenomena beyond the state. Yet despite the increasing number of non-state violent actors active on the African continent, to speak of a "privatization" of violence may be premature. Adapted from the source document.