В настоящее время признается, что показатель валового внутреннего продукта не является точным и адекватным измерителем социально‐экономического прогресса общества. В последние десятилетия критика ВВП усиливается, так как при экономическом росте далеко не всегда наблюдается рост благополучия и удовлетворенности жизнью. Набирает обороты концепция устойчивого развития, в которой для оценки развития наряду с экономическими показателями используются показатели социального благополучия и экологической устойчивости. Цель работы: исследовать альтернативные валовому внутреннему продукту метрики, которые могут быть представлены в виде интегральных индексов и ориентированы на оценку благополучия и устойчивый социально‐экономический прогресс. Методы исследования: сравнительный анализ и системный подход, математические и статистические методы оперирования с данными. Результаты: приведены аргументы, что ВВП имеет серьезные ограничения при использовании в качестве главного показателя уровня жизни. Исследованы подходы и индексы, позволяющие давать оценку социально‐экономическому прогрессу с учетом экономической, социальной, экологической сфер жизни. Делается вывод о том, что применение комплексных подходов позволит уточнить оценки социально‐экономического прогресса и ориентироваться на долгосрочные интересы общества при принятии политических решений. ; It is now recognized that the gross domestic product indicator is not the most accurate and adequate measure of the socio‐economic progress of society. In recent decades, criticism of GDP has been increasing since a country's economic growth does not always cause an increase in well‐being and life satisfaction. The concept of sustainable development is gaining popularity and links economic indicators, indicators of social well‐ being and environmental sustainability. The aim of the study is to explore metrics that are alternative to gross domestic product, which can be represented in the form of composite indices and are focused on the assessment of well‐being and sustainable socio‐economic progress. Methods. In order to analyze the phenomenon of well‐being and the concept of sustainable development authors employ comparative analysis and systemic approaches and describe mathematical and statistical methods of operating with data. Results. Authors argue that GDP has serious limitations when used as the main indicator of living standards. We study approaches and indices that allow assessing the socio‐economic progress, taking into account the economic, social, environmental spheres of life. It is concluded that the use of comprehensive systemic approaches will contribute to the assessment of socio‐economic progress and focus on the long‐term interests of society when making political decisions.
The article results of research of psychological wellbeing of the military personnel are presented in article. The comparative analysis of two groups is carried out, interrelations of psychological wellbeing and personal characteristics are found ; В статье представлены результаты исследования психологического благополучия военнослужащих. Проведен сравнительный анализ двух групп, обнаружены взаимосвязи психологического благополучия и личностных характеристик
This article reveals that, despite Russian regions being very different from each other when it comes to a great many socio-economic and socio-cultural properties (population income level and living standards, various features of the socio-cultural environment, social optimism, degree of religiosity and so on), those who live in regions far removed from the capital cities, given their lower level of personal income, tend to be more satisfied with their lives and demonstrate a higher level of social wellbeing, according to data from various sociological surveys. Based on empirical data, the authors argue that material aspects are not the only factors which affect subjective wellbeing in any given region. The goal of the study is to analyze the differentiation in the level of subjective wellbeing of the population of various Russian regions, which implies identifying and comparatively analyzing those factors which help interpret these differences. The primary research method is regression analysis of data from sociological surveys conducted in 2012 using the World Values Survey method in nine regions and towns of federal significance: Moscow, Saint- Petersburg, Leningrad Province, Tambov, Tatarstan Republic, Chuvashia Republic, the Altai Krai, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Bashkortostan Republic. The analysis showed that there is indeed a connection between one's personal income level and their subjective wellbeing, while there is no such connection between one's subjective wellbeing and how wealthy their region is. This could be explained by the fact that people are more concerned with their personal income level than their region's income. Aside from income level, there are other factors which determine subjective wellbeing in any given region. Moscow is considered to be the wealthiest region, however, it also has the highest level of income inequality. Both individual income and income level in comparison to the reference group considerably affect respondents' subjective wellbeing, regardless of their region of residence. However, individual income has a stronger influence. That said it is in Moscow where subjective evaluation of one's income level and satisfaction with one's material status affect subjective wellbeing to the greatest extent, which is due to the fact that in Moscow both living standards and one's sense of subjective inequality are somewhat higher. The influence of other socio-demographic factors also varies from region to region. For the most part this study confirms Ronald Inglehart's concept of material factors playing a significant role in subjective wellbeing.
This article shows that studying the views of future Russian lawyers on the projective future of society is a relevant development, since this particular socio-professional group does not only put forward certain demands in regards to projective subjective social wellbeing, but also possesses the lawmaking potential necessary for the transformation and normative engineering of Russian society. The article analyzes the results of the author's own research, conducted in 2016 in 12 cities of Russia (based on All- Russian State University of Justice and its subsidiaries). According to the author, the results of research in the field reveal a relatively high level of subjective wellbeing registered among the respondents, with their core values being justice, freedom, upholding law and order, public initiative. In order to measure normative expectations, those surveyed were offered to characterize three models of a supposed society using an array of parameters: "the best society" (utopian), "a bad society" (dystopian) and "a good society" (one that's attainable and suitable for life and personal growth). As a result, certain projective requirement indexes were obtained for implementing these models in a future society. It came as somewhat of a surprise that, in spite of the widespread belief that the value orientations of modern youth have a "consumer" nature to them, material wellbeing turned out to be far from the most significant parameter. The highest values were shown by indexes which correlated with such virtues as justice, equality and lawfulness, which speaks to their considerable influence on the respondents' evaluation of their subjective wellbeing. The authors also noticed a fundamental difference when it comes to future Russian lawyers' thoughts on the paths towards attaining justice. The indexes for a society constantly subject to reform and a conservative society were practically on the same level. This indirectly points to the existence of a deeply rooted divide when it comes to values, indicating that people are looking into the future with uncertainty, which is proven by a multitude of studies done by other authors.
Since the identification of the virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976, the total number of persons suffered from the Ebola outbreak, is 24,282 people by February 2015, including 9,976 recorded lethal cases. In August 2014, the Director-General of the World Health Organization had decided to declare the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus as an emergency in the field of public healthcare, which has an international importance. Existing risk requires a higher level of readiness of personnel in the medical organizations of the region to take measures on localization and elimination of the possible epidemic focus of the disease. Despite the fact that the sanitary and epidemiological measures, which should be implemented at the national and regional levels, are defined by the guidelines «Organization and carrying out primary antiepidemic measures in case of detecting an ill person (corps) with suspected infectious diseases that cause emergencies in the field of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population», healthcare workers make an assumption on the need of their provision with the algorithms of carrying out primary antiepidemic measures. To increase the readiness of the personnel for work in an epidemic focus, there are prepared the algorithms of carrying out antiepidemic measures in case of detecting an ill person (corps) by the level of responsibility of the medical staff (doctor, head of the department, nurse, charge nurse, head physician, deputy chief clinical director). Standardized forms used in antiepidemic work were worked out. There had been identified the quantity of information data to be transfer to the head of medical organization when an infectious disease, that causes an emergency in the field of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing, is detected. Developed documents were gathered in the integrated folder, their storage is organized in stuffrooms, nurses stations and on workplaces of employees of the administrative services. Conclusions. The subsequent control showed that the specialists of medical organizations in the presence of a set of working materials for the work in an epidemic focus determine the list of antiepidemic measures on localization of epidemic focus and the sequence of their execution without difficulties. ; С момента выявления в 1976 году вируса в Демократической Республике Конго общее число лиц, пострадавших от вспышки лихорадки Эбола, на февраль 2015 года составляет 24 282 человека, в том числе зафиксировано 9976 летальных случаев. В августе 2014 года генеральным директором Всемирной организации здравоохранения было принято решение объявить вспышку геморрагической лихорадки, вызванной вирусом Эбола, чрезвычайной ситуацией в области общественного здравоохранения, имеющей международное значение. Существующая опасность требует повышения уровня готовности персонала в медицинских организациях области к принятию мер по локализации и ликвидации возможного эпидемического очага заболевания. Несмотря на то, что санитарно-эпидемиологические мероприятия, предусмотренные к исполнению на национальном и региональном уровнях, определены методическими указаниями «Организация и проведение первичных противоэпидемических мероприятий в случаях выявления больного (трупа), подозрительного на заболевания инфекционными болезнями, вызывающими чрезвычайные ситуации в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения», медицинские работники высказывают предложения о необходимости их обеспечения алгоритмами проведения первичных противоэпидемических мероприятий. Для повышения готовности персонала к работе в эпидемическом очаге подготовлены алгоритмы проведения противоэпидемических мероприятий в случае выявления больного (трупа) по уровню ответственности медицинского персонала (врач, заведующий отделением, медицинская сестра, старшая медицинская сестра отделения, главный врач, заместитель главного врача по лечебной работе). Разработаны унифицированные формы бланков, используемых в противоэпидемической работе. Определен объем информации, подлежащий передаче руководителю медицинской организации в случае регистрации инфекционного заболевания, вызывающего чрезвычайную ситуацию в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия. Разработанные документы были скомплектованы в единую папку, их хранение организовано в ординаторских, сестринских и на рабочих местах сотрудников административно-хозяйственной службы. Выводы. Последующий контроль показал, что специалисты медицинских организаций при наличии комплекта материалов для работы в эпидемическом очаге без затруднений определяют перечень противоэпидемических мероприятий по локализации эпидемического очага и последовательность их исполнения. ; З моменту виявлення в 1976 році вірусу в Демократичній Республіці Конго загальне число осіб, які постраждали від спалаху лихоманки Ебола, на лютий 2015 р. становить 24 282 особи, у тому числі зафіксовано 9976 летальних випадків. У серпні 2014 р. генеральним директором Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я було прийнято рішення оголосити спалах геморагічної лихоманки, викликаної вірусом Ебола, надзвичайною ситуацією у сфері охорони здоров'я, що має міжнародне значення. Існуюча небезпека вимагає підвищення рівня готовності персоналу в медичних організаціях області до вживання заходів щодо локалізації та ліквідації можливого епідемічного вогнища захворювання. Незважаючи на те, що санітарно-епідеміологічні заходи, передбачені до виконання на національному та регіональному рівнях, визначені методичними вказівками «Організація та проведення первинних протиепідемічних заходів у випадках виявлення хворого (трупа), підозрілого на захворювання інфекційними хворобами, що викликають надзвичайні ситуації в галузі санітарно-епідеміологічного благополуччя населення», медичні працівники висловлюють пропозиції щодо необхідності їх забезпечення алгоритмами проведення первинних протиепідемічних заходів. Для підвищення готовності персоналу до роботи в епідемічному вогнищі підготовлені алгоритми проведення протиепідемічних заходів у разі виявлення хворого (трупа) за рівнем відповідальності медичного персоналу (лікар, завідуючий відділенням, медична сестра, старша медична сестра відділення, головний лікар, заступник головного лікаря з лікувальної роботи). Розроблено уніфіковані форми бланків, що використовуються в протиепідемічній роботі. Визначено обсяг інформації, що підлягає передачі керівнику медичної організації в разі реєстрації інфекційного захворювання, що викликає надзвичайну ситуацію в галузі санітарно-епідеміологічного благополуччя. Розроблені документи були скомплектовані в єдину папку, їх зберігання організовано в ординаторських, сестринських і на робочих місцях співробітників адміністративно-господарської служби. Висновки. Наступний контроль показав, що фахівці медичних організацій при наявності комплекту матеріалів для роботи в епідемічному вогнищі без утруднень визначають перелік протиепідемічних заходів щодо локалізації епідемічного вогнища і послідовність їх виконання.
Money incomes of the population, their composition and dynamics determine considerably the standard of living. Nevertheless, human wellbeing also depends on the consumer spendings. The article deals with analysis of forming and using of money incomes for consumption, trends of their development, as well as the social differentiation of consumer spendings. The author uses the data of government statistics in a few years. ; Денежные доходы населения, их состав и динамика в значительной мере определяют уровень жизни. Однако, благосостояние населения в не меньшей степени обусловлено потребительскими расходами. В статье анализируется процесс формирования и использования денежных доходов на нужды потребления, тенденции их развития, а также социальная дифференциация потребительских расходов. Для исследования были использованы материалы государственной статистики за ряд лет, обработанные автором. Статья иллюстрирована диаграммами.
Рассматриваются проблемы правового регулирования учета водно-болотных угодий в Республике Беларусь. Показано значение водно-болотных угодий как эталонных, редких, уникальных экологических систем естественного и искусственного происхождения, необходимых для сохранения биологического разнообразия и обеспечения благосостояния человека. Обосновывается необходимость ведения учета болот как отдельного вида поверхностных водных объектов. Предлагается внесение соответствующих дополнений в законодательство Республики Беларусь об охране окружающей среды, охране и использовании вод в целях совершенствования правового регулирования учета водно-болотных угодий в Республике Беларусь. = This article is dedicated to the problems of legal regulation of accounting wetlands. The importance of wetlands as a reference, rare, unique ecosystems of natural and artificial origin, necessary for biodiversity conservation and human wellbeing is shown. The necessity of keeping records of the marshes as a separate type of surface water bodies is substantiated. In order to improve the legal regulation of accounting wetlands in Belarus the author proposes the introduction of relevant amendments to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus on protection of the environment, protection and use of water.
Based on the results of sociological research examines social wellbeing of the voters of theChelyabinsk region and its connection with the pressing social problems and the quality of work ofthe state organs at all levels.The analysis of the results of ten focus groups conducted with the active voters in the regional center,as well as in small towns and rural education. The dependence between the public mood of voters andthe level of their lives. It was established that none of the existing parties, including the ruling partyand other parties with a high electoral outcome, does not enjoy the confidence of the voters.The conclusion about the need to strengthen the control activities of officials and the introductionof real responsibility for failure of official duties ; На основе результатов социологического исследования рассматривается социальное само-чувствие избирателей Челябинской области и его связь с насущными социальными проблемамии качеством работы государственных органов всех уровней.Представлен анализ результатов десяти фокус-групп, проведенных с активными избира-телями как в областном центре, так и в малых городах и сельских образованиях. Выявленазависимость между общественными настроениями избирателей и уровнем их жизни. Уста-новлено, что ни одна из существующих партий, включая партию власти и другие партии свысоким электоральным результатом, не пользуется доверием избирателей.Делается вывод о необходимости усиления контроля деятельности чиновников и введенияреальной ответственности за неисполнение должностных обязанностей.
The article analyses the theoretical bases of the Scandinavian economic model, that in recent decades has achieved successes in constructing a society of general wellbeing and insignificant social inequality against the background of a growing world gap between rich and poor. The Northern European economic model is based on the heritage and elaborations of the Stockholm school of economics, one of whose representatives, Gunnar Myrdal, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1974. This theoretical trend in many ways anticipated the popular economic ideas of the twentieth century. It also formulated the concept of the "home for the peoples", on which the Swedish economic miracle was based. Within the context of this tendency, conclusions were drawn on the need for state and social influence (the influence of non-market methods of economic management). Further, it is possible to rank the countries of the developed capitalist world on the basis of the degree to which they have socialised the capitalist system. In this classification the Scandinavian countries hold leading positions, and are prime examples of countries where capitalism has undergone a high level of socialisation. At the same time, they have effectively functioning private, state and social mechanisms of support for the economic system. The need to socialise capitalism is also examined by adherents of the post-Soviet school of critical Marxism. As the outcome of his study, the author of this article presents a comparative analysis of these two currents in economics.
The present article is concerned with the nexus of masculinities and environment. The authors present their critical analyses of two configurations of masculinities the authors refer to as 'industrial/breadwinner' and 'ecomodern' masculinities that dominate politics worldwide. The authors stated their opinion on the fact that the first two configurations of masculinities are acutely but distinctly in conflict with the wellbeing of the planet. The paper presents an empirical and theoretical analysis of 'ecological masculinities', which considers the insights and limitations of masculinities studies, deep ecology, ecological feminism and feminist care theory. In this article, the authors focus their attention on the necessity of ecologisation of masculinities as well as on the need for men and masculinities to 'ecologise' relationally and create more caring encounters with self and others. In support of the need in a transition from hegemonisation to ecologisation, necessary configurations beyond the constraints of industrial/breadwinner and ecomodern masculinities are presented. The authors also argue that the potential to expose and resolve the anthropocentric discord between Earth, others and human beings is possible within the very constructs of manhood. The notion of ecological masculinities suggested in the article is a constructive response to the roles of men and masculine identities in the Anthropocene. The exit politics central to the notion of ecological masculinities represent a theoretical framework and plurality of practices reflective of a masculine ecologisation process. The authors encourage scholarly masculinities inquiries and practices towards broader, deeper and wider care for the 'glocal' (global and local) commons.
The global market economy creates a number of threats to the world community, including in connection with human activities that negatively affect climate change, the state of nature, including flora and fauna, land and water resources, etc. This is also stated in the Report on Global Risks presented at the World Economic Forum in January 2020. In the modern domestic and foreign economic literature, the concepts of sustainable development are developed taking into account environmental constraints, both in theoretical and practical terms, which emphasize the preservation of natural balance, biodiversity, and the formation of an environmentally sustainable society. There are also diverse areas of research on nature management, but they usually focus on applied issues of nature research and the use of its benefits. The authors propose to systematically consider the development of society as anthropogenicoriented, involving three target areas: economic well-being, socio-political wellbeing and environmental well-being. But the implementation of these directions is possible, according to the authors, only under the condition of an adequate legal nature and society of the institutional environment and effective public and state control. The methodological basis of the theory of the formation of the ecologicalsocio-economic type of development is the synthesis of political economy and institutionalism. The empirical basis was the research experience of one of the authors (a Turkish citizen), who has been working for several years on the topic «The political economy of climate change and the environment in Turkey: sustainable development, privatization and energy policy». The article has a theoretical and methodological orientation, suggesting recommendations of a fundamental nature.
The growing interest towards studying the impact of religion on various spheres of social life is reflected in quite large corpus of academic publications. Yet, the reproduction of religious identity on the level of individuals and small social groups is not much covered by Russian sociology of religion. The matter of the connection between religion and parenthood in Russian society becomes urgent due to the current transformations in Post-Soviet society: the first generation of believers is added and gradually being substituted by the second and third generations of believers. The representatives of these generations differ as it comes to the character of religious socialization that it is linked either to individual conversion or reproduction of religiosity. The given article represents the review of modern empirical studies of transmission of religion from parents to children. In our analysis we mostly refer to the results of foreign studies and are focused on the description of the results of reproduction of religiosity in family regardless of religious or confessional belonging. The analysis has indicated that family serves as one of the key agents of religious socialization of children and teenagers along with their peers and school. The review also focuses on the description of the factors that determine religiosity of children whose parents are believers. The authors also note the differences between religious and non-religious families are characterized relations between spouses and children, subjective wellbeing of children and styles of parenting. Attention is also paid to external factors determining family religiosity: cultural context, place and role of religion in society.
The issues of physiological and mental health of young people have always remained in the focus of researchers' attention, however, there are practically no works where the "healthy personality" is considered more broadly, including the features of its functioning in a social context. The authors propose the concept of a "healthy personality", which includes the following components: emotional stability and psychological well-being, a low degree of suggestibility and adherence to the values of goodness and security. These components meet the challenges of the modern world and underlie the ability of a student's personality to withstand the challenges of extremism. A combination of techniques was used to create the concept: 1) "General Health Questionnaire" by Goldberg, 2) Schwartz Questionnaire and 3) "Suggestibility Test" by S.V. Klauchek and V.V. Delaryu. With the help of tools that include these methods and thematic blocks (attitudes towards the media, extremism, civic and political position), a questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of 1,500 people representing the Russian students of three Moscow universities – RUDN University, Moscow State University and National Research University Higher School of Economics in terms of courses and areas of study.The purpose of the article is to develop a research concept of "healthy personality" based on a combination of existing methods used to measure conformity, psychological stability and emotional well-being and value orientations. As a result, the level of emotional stability and psychological wellbeing of Moscow students, the type of value orientations, and their level of conformity are revealed. The dominant personality type, calculated on the basis of the results of the methods, turned out to be "relatively healthy personality" (67.6%), one fifth of the respondents were classified as "healthy personality", however, every tenth student is a "personality at risk". The proposed concept can be used during sociological monitoring of educational services of ...
This article examines the issue of social inequality in terms of health, while citing the main results of an empirical study on the matter, which have been attained by means of analyzing data from the European social survey (ESS) for a few dozen countries, including Russia, together with statistical information on the state of their economy and welfare, utilizing a two-level linear and logistic modeling method. In different parts of Europe indexes of general wellbeing and the risk of developing depression differ quite drastically – in Russia, as is the case with most other relatively underdeveloped nations, the population's health is markedly worse than in the most of the highly developed social democracies. These indexes significantly differ within the country as well – among people who occupy unequal positions within demographical and social structures. A natural discrepancy in health between elder and younger age groups is especially pronounced in underdeveloped countries, while in nations with a high level of prosperity and state social guarantees these age-related discrepancies are more or less evened out. Social capital and an individual's mental strength play a crucial role in maintaining good health. Possessing psychosocial resources is beneficial to the health of those belonging to any given social stratum. However, in developed European countries this is mostly beneficial to the more vulnerable groups of lower social status. In developed European countries the health of said groups is negatively affected in no small part due to them experiencing relative deprivation, and the stress of social comparison to the prosperous majority. So this is not only due to a shortage of material resources or their limited access to high-quality medical services, as is the case in Russia and in underdeveloped European states. In well developed countries individual reserves and social bonds are especially important for the lower strata, in order for them to successfully overcome the negative impact of such strain on their health.
