Suchergebnisse

Young people as a special age category and social group are the object of studying the complex of humanities — political science, sociology, political philosophy, political psychology, cultural studies, conflict studies, etc. The need for youth research is conditioned by the formation of an actual strategy and tactics of the state youth policy, which can contribute to the increase Effectiveness of the activities of political institutions, authorities and government, to promote the dynamic development of the state Society and society. Youth policy is one of the most important factors in the modernization of the state, therefore it is important to develop tools for measuring the parameters of the systemic change of society under the influence, with the participation of emerging, developing youth organizations.The theme of the study of the problems of youth is important in connection with the activation of the use of technologies for the recruitment of youth into political organizations (party organizations), which strengthens the competitive struggle of various political forces for influencing the younger generation of citizens as potentially active citizens who are supporters or opponents of certain parties.The urgency of the study is also conditioned by the processes of building the rule of law and the development of civil society institutions. This process is impossible without overcoming the political passivity, the apolitical nature of the younger generation. Youth organizations can become an important element. The political participation of the youth of Russian society is non-systemic, moreover, a significant part of the youth is politically inactive, indifferent to political changes. Studying the mechanisms for overcoming this state, increasing the involvement of young people in the political life of society is an important not only research, but also a practical task.At the present stage of development, youth movements and organizations occupy a rather significant place in the political process. Every year the number of new organizations is growing. Young people, this is quite an impulsive mass, which is easily influenced by the authority of the leader, which impresses them. Young people, through accession to a youth organization, have the right and the opportunity to influence the political process. Youth movements and organizations are in direct relationship with the political system. Politics is not possible without properly motivated youth, youth movements and organizations, as well as the youth movement is not possible without politics, there is an important role of political organizations in the political arena.This paper examines the problems of transformation of the youth policy of the ex-USSR countries in view of political developments in the post-Soviet region and in the world. It carried out a review of mechanisms of the implementation of the youth policy amid renewed values orientation structure of the younger generation of the post-Soviet countries. Historical account of formation of youth policy in certain select countries reviewed in this article. ; Молодежь как особая возрастная категория и социальная группа является объектом изучения комплекса гуманитарных наук — политологии, социологии, политической философии, политической психологии, культурологии, конфликтологии и др. Необходимость исследования молодежи обусловлена формированием актуальной стратегии и тактики государственной молодежной политики, которая способна привнести лепту в повышение результативности деятельности политических институтов, органов власти и управления, содействовать динамичному развитию государства и общества. Молодежная политика один из важнейших факторов модернизации страны, поэтому актуальна разработка инструментов измерения параметров системного изменения общества под влиянием, с участием формирующихся, развивающихся молодежных организаций. Тема исследования проблем молодежи важна в связи с активизацией использования технологий рекрутирования молодежи в политические организации (партстроительства), что усиливает конкурентную борьбу различных политических сил за влияние на молодое поколение граждан как потенциально активных граждан-сторонников или противников тех или иных партий.Насущность исследования обусловлена также процессами построения правового государства и развития институтов гражданского общества. Этот процесс невозможен без преодоления политической пассивности, аполитичности молодого поколения. Молодежные организации могут стать значимым элементом. Политическое участие молодежи российского общества носит несистемный характер, более того значительная часть молодежи политически неактивна, безразлична к преобразованиям в политической сфере. Изучение механизмов преодоления такого состояния, активизация вовлечения молодежи в политическую жизнь общества является важной не только исследовательской, но и практической задачей. На современном этапе развития молодежные движения и организации занимают довольно значимое место в политическом процессе. С каждым годом количество новых организаций растет. Молодежь, это достаточно импульсивная масса, которая легко поддается воздействию авторитета лидера, который им импонирует. Молодежь с помощью вступления в молодежную организацию имеет право и возможность повлиять на политический процесс. Молодежные движения и организации, находятся в прямой взаимосвязи с политической системой. Политика не возможна без правильно мотивированной молодежи, молодежных движений и организаций, равно так же как и молодежное движение не возможно без политики, отмечается немаловажная роль политических организаций на политической арене.В статье рассматриваются вопросы трансформации молодежной политики постсоветских государств с учетом политического развития событий в мире в целом и на постсоветском пространстве в частности. Осуществляется анализ механизмов реализации молодежной политики на фоне формирования обновленной структуры ценностных ориентаций у молодого поколения постсоветских стран. Изучается хронология формирования молодежной политики в отдельно взятых государствах.

The article analyzes approaches to the study of the concept of youth as an actor in political processes. The sociopolitical process is a complex phenomenon that involves many diff erent legal and physical entities and actors. Democratic tendencies, pluralism of opinions, diversity of forms of participation of citizens, including young people, in socio-political and spiritual life and their institutionalization allow us to speak about the existence of various types of youth associations and structures designed to perform important functions in society and the state.

The article deals with theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of youth volunteering or volunteerism in modern sociological literature. The author comes to the conclusion that the study of youth volunteering can be carried out on the basis of a synthesis of institutional and activity approaches, allowing to transfer the research perspective from studying the institutional structure of volunteerism to the activities of the volunteer movement participants themselves.

The article is devoted to the sociological study of the risks of educational failure for studying youth. The authors show the magnitude of such a phenomenon as schoolchildren's and students' educational failure, as well as the relevance of its research in the context of new challenges faced by modern Russian society. The authors reveal the widespread, pervasive nature of the risks of educational failure for all spheres of public life. The authors emphasize the contradiction between the need to take them into account when it comes to the strategy for developing Russian education and this problem being ignored by the authorities and education management. The authors' interpretation of key concepts (educational failure, its risks, human capital of educational communities) is presented. The classification of risks of educational failure for studying youth is given. Four groups of risks are analyzed specifically: for the development of the continuous education system; for the economy and labor market; for social security and well-being; for the education system. The final section of the article is devoted to analyzing the opportunities for minimizing the risks of educational failure. It is proven that it is necessary to develop approaches for overcoming the risks of educational failure at the levels of state educational policy, educational organizations of various types and educational communities. Special attention is paid to the importance of transforming educational policy in relation to unsuccessful educational communities, of changes in the environment of educational institutions, of implementing social technologies for the educational support of unsuccessful pupils and students. The empirical basis for this article consists of the results from studies conducted in Yekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk Province.

The paper is devoted to the methodological assessment and the impact of the following factors on the entrepreneurial culture: the level of entrepreneurial development and the size of municipality. Two methods designed by the authors were tested to confirm the following hypothesis: the higher the level of entrepreneurial development in a municipality, the higher the youth entrepreneurial culture is. Methodologically, the study is based upon socio-economic approach and uses the tools of economic and socio-cultural analysis. The data involve the results of the authors' survey conducted among young people from more than 150 cities and localities in the Sverdlovsk region as well as an expert survey involving entrepreneurs seeking government assistance. The authors drew up a rating of Sverdlovsk region municipalities according to different entrepreneurship levels (high, medium, low). By measuring the axiological settings of young people, municipality-specific entrepreneurial levels were calculated. As far as general entrepreneurial behavior is concerned, the hypothesis proved to be true: the higher the level of entrepreneurial development in a municipality is, the more young people behave entrepreneurially. The hypothesis about the influence of municipality size on entrepreneurial culture was also confirmed. In medium-sized cities young people are twice as likely to have high entrepreneurial levels due to higher attractiveness of their businesses. Taken into account the correlations of socio-cultural factors the authors set forward the most important directions of the entrepreneurial activity for active young people. © 2019 Russian Public Opinion Research Center, VCIOM. All rights reserved. ; MK6580.2018.6 ; The paper is financed by the RF Presidential grant for state support of young Russian scientists (MK6580.2018.6).

The features of studying youth problematic in domestic sociology during various periods of the Russian history (Imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet) are discusses in this article. The effect have made historical features of development of our society, state, a scientific thought on development of domestic sociology of youth are analyzes. Author pays attention to little known works and unjustly neglected classics of Russian socio-political thought, conducted a very interesting and large-scale sociological research on youth problematic. The author analyzes various theoretical approaches to the definition of "youth" in sociology. Describes three basic (sociopsychological, social, socio-cultural) and less common (reproductive, out risk assessment, thesaurus, integration and other) approaches to the definition of youth. The author consider the integration approach to the definition of youth asthe most successful which take into account both psycho-hysiological and age peculiarities, typical of young people, its place and function in the social structure, socio-cultural group values and interests, its participation in the life process of society, characteristics of identity and self-determination. The author defines young people as a socio-demographic group (the generation of people in the age range from 14 to 30 years) in their development of emerging and gaining social maturity, namely the acquisition of basic social roles and functions, life choices, self-determination, self-identity and awareness of their values and interests, its place in the world. At the same time, he consider young people as one of the most vulnerable category of the population, because of the lack of a significant part of the relevant knowledge, experience, and economic independence. Therefore, it is an attractive target for manipulative action of the various actors of the public life. The author notes the prospect of a large-scale study focused on the impact on youth of different, not unique subjects of a public life, using her as an object of manipulation, as well as approbation of it political, socio-psychological technologies and experiments. ; В данной статье автором рассматриваются особенности изучения молодежной проблематики в отечественной социологии в различные периоды российской истории: имперский, советский и постсоветский ее периоды. Автор анализирует, какое воздействие оказали на развитие отечественной социологии молодежи исторические особенности развития нашего общества, государства, научной мысли. Обращает внимание на малоизвестные работы и незаслуженно забытых классиков русской социально-политической мысли, проводивших крайне интересные и масштабные социологические исследования по молодежной проблематике. Автор также рассматривает различные теоретические подходы к определению понятия "молодежь" в социологии. Характеризует три основных (социально-психологический, стратификационный, социокультурный) и менее распространенные (воспроизводственный, рискологический, тезаурусный, интеграционный и иные) подходы к определению молодежи. На его взгляд, наиболее удачным является интеграционный подход к определению молодежи, учитывающий психофизиологические и возрастные особенности, свойственные молодежи, ее место и функции в социальной структуре общества, групповые социокультурные ценности и интересы, ее участие в процессе жизнедеятельности общества, особенности самоидентификации и самоопределения. Автор определяет молодежь как социально-демографичесую группу (поколение людей в возрастном диапазоне от 14 до 30 лет), находящуюся в своем развитии на стадии становления и обретения социальной зрелости, а именно – в процессе усвоения основных социальных ролей и функций, выбора жизненного пути, самоопределения, самоидентификации и осознания своих ценностей и интересов, своего места в мире. В то же время, молодежь, на его взгляд, является одной из самых слабозащищенных и уязвимых категорий населения, в силу отсутствия у значимой ее части соответствующих знаний, опыта и экономической независимости. Поэтому она является привлекательным объектом для манипулятивного воздействия со стороны различных субъектов общественной жизнедеятельности. Автор отмечает перспективность масштабного изучения целенаправленного воздействия на молодежь различных неоднозначных субъектов общественной жизнедеятельности, использующих ее как объект манипуляций, а также апробаций на ней политических, социально-психологических технологий и экспериментов.

The article discusses particularly significant aspects and factors for the socialization
and decoralization of young people in modern Russia. Today it is obvious that the radical change in the 1990s of the 20th century of the entire socio-economic system and the corresponding social relations led to a deep crisis in all spheres of vital activity of Russian society and the state. All attempts to overcome the results of the permanent crisis of recent decades did not meet expectations. Under these conditions, the problem of socialization and the asocialization of Russian youth was particularly actualized. The study of this complex and multifaceted problem was carried out through the use of such socially significant scientific methods as historical, systemic, analytical, structural-systemic, structural-functional, synergistic and phenomenological methods. This made it possible not only to analyze destructive processes in the youth environment, diagnose a high level of youth desocialization, but also to identify effective ways to correct and prevent the asocial behavior of young people.
Conclusions were drawn at the end of the article. Namely: the main reasons for the deadaption of young people are identified, the methods of resocialization of dezadapoted youth are determined, including through the formation of a motivated desire for a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle is considered in the article as one of the most effective positive factors for the resocialization of young people, along with a radical change in youth policy. Particularly important is the reasonable conclusion in the article on the formation of a new socio-historical type of youth in modern Russia with its
characteristics and value orientations that require a comprehensive and systemic study.

The article dwells on the main theses of the conception of the university youth policy, reveals the basic functions, tasks of the educational work, and the basic implemented such as development of student self-government, self-improvement and leadership development, recreation and cultural work at student hostels, development and popularizationof volunteering, patriotic education and formation of students' civic stand, health-saving technologies and others. ; В статье представлены некоторые положения концепции организации воспитательной работы в современном университете, включая ее основные функции и задачи. Перечислены гуманитарные технологии, используемые при реализации молодежной политики в университете. Среди них: развитие системы студенческого самоуправления, самосовершенствование и развитие лидерства, работа в студенческом общежитии, создание условий для творческой самореализации студентов, развитие волонтерства и популяризация добровольчества, здоровье сберегающие технологии, практики патриотического воспитания и формирования гражданской позиции.

This article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of football fanaticism in the youth subculture. The relevance of the research is largely due to the role played by the youth subculture in modern society, an integral part of which is the informal "fan movement", which manifests itself in various fields — music, fashion, politics, ideology, sports, etc. "football fanaticism" has become widespread in Russia, the analysis of which allows us to highlight the essence and characteristic features of youth "fanaticism" in general. To study this problem, a questionnaire survey, a focused group interview, and conversations on forums with fans of Spartak, Zenit, and CSKA football clubs were used as quantitative and qualitative research methods. These methods were the most suitable, because with their help, the opinion of schoolchildren about football fanaticism was studied, groups of teenagers who consider themselves football fans were identified, their subculture was studied, the causes and factors of the spread and "departure" of teenagers into fan groups were determined.
According to the results of the study, the image of a football fan was formed. According to schoolchildren, a football fan is a devoted sports fan belonging to a close-knit group of peers, promoting sports, the priority value for which is a favorite hobby.
Thus, the questionnaire survey made it possible to identify groups of "fans" and a range of questions for further investigation of the phenomenon using a group focused interview.

The article discusses the historical stage of development, and the formation of youth policy before and after Independence of Uzbekistan. The first and true state youth policy is compared. Institutions of civil society, their historical experience and role in supporting youth in the country over the years of Independence are also considered.

The article considers new non-traditional types of mass culture that hinder the formation of the spiritual and moral life of the youth. In the era of market economy and transformation of national values and ideals, there is a need to improve the tolerant attitude of mass culture. We often hear from TV screens, from leading politicians, the word «tolerance» or «toleration in various guises and meanings of socialization of young people», which we were not familiar with until recently. In many cultures, the concept of «tolerance» is characterized by a kind of synonym for toleration: Latin-tolerantia; Portuguese-tolerância; Italian-tolleranza; Dutch-tolerantie; Uzbek-bag'rikenglik and sabr-toqatlilik. Sociological analyses show that some types of modern non-traditional forms and patterns of culture have a negative impact on the spiritual and moral life of the younger generation. In our opinion, it is tolerance that has become the basis for the spread of new types of mass culture among young people. Starizm (translated from English «stars», means celebrity cult) causes young people to have new artifi cial idols to copy. Kitsch — hack, tasteless, «cheap». Flash mob — a pre-planned mass gathering. Vandalism was manifested in the past in the destruction of national historical monuments, which passes into the area of the spiritual life of the population, especially young people. We stand in solidarity with those specialists who are in favor of the expediency and consistency of the work carried out among young people. However, the most important innovative method that ensures the effectiveness of educational work, as we think, is the revival of the traditional social status and function of the family. The family as a traditional institution has been modernized to the detriment of national peculiarity and ideals. The work on the formation of tolerance in modern society should be associated not only with the training of young people in specific skills of tolerant behavior, but also with the formation of certain personal qualities. It is about self-esteem and the ability to respect the dignity of others; the awareness that each person is diverse in their manifestations and is not like others; a positive attitude towards oneself and representatives of other peoples and other cultures.

Recent public opinion surveys offer an opportunity to reevaluate youth political engagement across the region, a decade after the 2011 Arab Uprisings and waves of subsequent protest movements.

Young people's transitioning into adulthood is accompanied by their inclusion into society's socio-cultural context, together with the development of their own cultural models and interaction practices. Youth cultural space develops as a result of layered connections between young people and culture in general – elements of which are simultaneously inherited and altered by them – as well as subculture models, which emerge in the realm of intra-group interactions, i.e. within youth communities. During the dialectical process of inheritance, denial and construction, young people obtain their own social-group characteristics. In turn their cultural space is distinguished by features which differentiate their activities from other social groups. In modern society youth cultural space is very much a self-regulating realm, within which occurs the development and construction of the most important values which then become the foundation for purpose in life. Base culture plays an essential role in shaping purpose, with its models – contained within the collective unconscious – being directly linked to historic memory. Historic memory, reflected in archetypical and mental structures, influences the content of life purpose values. Engraining itself into habitus during the habitualization process, it becomes the basis for purpose which defines the direction for behavioral predispositions. Together with historic memory, youth life purpose values are significantly influenced by everyday knowledge and experience, which accumulate as a result of young people interacting with others participating in the development of cultural space. In order to confirm self-regulation of youth life purpose values as a holistic process, this article analyzes the connection between young people's concepts on the meaning of life and various types of culture, archetypes, mentality, habitus. This was facilitated by the fact that the article presents results of developing a cultural space typology, of highlighting – based on analyzing existing approaches towards studying the unconscious – the most common archetypes, mental and modern features of national character, habitual attitudes. Analyzing their relationship allowed for tracing the influence of each on the development of young people's purposes in life during the self-regulation process. The article substantiates the conclusion – drawn as a result of analyzing how life purposes are connected with types of culture and archetypes – that young people for the most part accept traditional culture, which defines the general direction for the development of meaning in their lives. Based on analyzing the connection between life purpose values and mental, modern features of national character, the study reveals the dialectics of "traditional" and "contemporary" in the altering of meanings in young people's lives. Analyzing the connection between life purpose values and habitus allows us to consider the modification (hybridization) of meanings in the process of developing behavioral inclinations among young people in terms of self-regulating their living activity. Therefore self-regulation of young people's life purpose values appears to be a dynamic process which fills their lives with new meanings in an evolving cultural space.

This article presents the results of a study of how getting young students engaged in practical training can be a means of job placement in the future. The author relies on the work of those Russian sociologists who study issues such as employment, strategies for finding a job, young people's educational trajectories. The aim of this article is to examine the process of how students go through practical training, to identify their expectations from such practices, difficulties in their interaction with employers, as well as to formulate methodological recommendations for organizing practical training in universities.

In order to examine students' opinions on the specifics of going through practical training, interviews were conducted in two stages. 43 students were surveyed in total. The first stage took place in 2018, prior to going through practical training, during which respondents' expectations from practical training and employment were determined. The second round of interviews was carried out in 2019 – after they had completed their practical training. The authors found out that students have become more demanding: they expect practical training to help them acquire new skills, grab the attention of potential employers, as well as receive a monetary reward. The following strategies were identified during interviewing: employment, educational, career-based, compensational, personal development focused, the anticipation strategy; strategies for going through practical training were included into one of two categories – active or passive.

Students expressed their thoughts on the difficulties they encountered while going through practical training which involved a lack of attention and interest on behalf of employers. According to students, employers showed a low degree of interest, while their attention was focused on keeping track of attendance, and on students strictly fulfilling the obligations that they put upon them.

The article also considers foreign practice in resolving the issue, manifested in the idea of paying employers for providing young people with jobs. In Russian universities, employers are invited to work at said universities, with payment being issued for training students. The author recommends inviting employers to universities for them to conduct master-classes and organize students' practical training while taking into account the specifics of their field, motivating and attracting the interest of potential employers by putting money on the table. Another suggestion is to conduct seminars, in preparing young people for job interviews, for putting together a resume and a portfolio for future employment. Hence, according to the author, practical training can not only promote future employment, but also help in developing competencies, in socialization, a person's personal growth, enhancing competitive capacity and familiarizing youth with labor.