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The main problem that Tomasz Nowak discusses in this article concerns the boundaries of language and speech as set by both social sciences and the humanities and mathematics and natural sciences. His special focus is the fusion of semiotics and biology known as biosemiotics. Nowak argues that bio-communicative skills of human and non-human animals are divided by a gap which is both quantitative and qualitative. However, phylogenetic pre-adaptations and (pre)ontogenetic dispositions of human and non-human animals are, on the one hand, communicatively discreet, and, on the other, cognitively and behaviorally continual. The results of empirical studies cited and examined by Nowak support the idea that there are bio-communicative traits specific to humans.

"This article analyses traditional Italian fairy tales retold by Italo Calvino in 1956 and their relationships to nature and culture. Zoosemiotics, a branch of both semiotics and animal studies, argues that nature and culture are not separated and in contrast and that, instead, culture is a limited part of nature. This conceptual change envisions different relationships between humans and animals as well as more broadly the end of animal anthropomorphism. Methodologically, the article applies a zoosemiotic analysis to the Italian fairy tales retold by Calvino. The article concludes that some animals in the fairy tales are still anchored to the old view while others move towards the cultural terrain, showing cultural attitudes and inhabiting a cultural area usually reserved for human animals. This shift leads to an inverted semiotic destiny of humans and animals in fairy tales: while animals are traditionally represented as symbols, Calvino's rewriting turns them into icons, representing only themselves, marked by a neat individuality and independence from their species; while humans are, conversely, usually represented as icons, Calvino's stories turn them into symbols, such as ingratitude or jealousy. The article shows the usefulness of zoosemiotics and nature/culture in analysing non human-animals in fairy tales and adds to earlier studies considering non-human animals in Calvino's fairy tales as an epitome of Anthropocene. Keywords: animal studies, fairy tales, Italo Calvino, zoosemiotics, nature and culture, anthropomorphism, Puss in Boots "

The book raises semiotic questions of human–animal relations: what is the semiotic character of different species, how humans endow animals with meaning, and how animal sign exchange and communication has coped with environmental change. The book takes a zoosemiotic approach and considers different species as being integrated with the environment via their specific umwelt or subjective perceptual world. The authors elaborate J. v. Uexküll's concept of umwelt to make it applicable for analyzing complex and dynamical interactions between animals, humans, environment and culture. The opening chapters of the book present a framework for philosophical, historical, epistemological and methodological aspects of zoosemiotic research. These initial considerations are followed by specific case studies: on human–animal interactions in zoological gardens, communication in the teams of visually disabled persons and guiding dogs, semiotics of the animal condition in philosophy, historical changes in the role of animals in human households, the semiotics of predation, cultural perception of novel species, and other topics. The authors belong to the research group in zoosemiotics and human–animal relations based in the Department of Semiotics at the University of Tartu in Estonia, and in the University of Stavanger in Norway.

Cover -- HANDBOOK OF SEMIOTICS -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- I. History and Classics of Modern Semiotics -- History of Semiotics -- Peirce -- Morris -- Saussure -- Hjelmslev -- Jakobson -- II. Sign and Meaning -- Sign -- Meaning, Sense, and Reference -- Semantics and Semiotics -- Typology of Signs: Sign, Signal, Index -- Symbol -- Icon and Iconicity -- Metaphor -- Information -- III. Semiosis, Code, and the Semiotic Field -- Zoosemiotics, Ethology, and Semiogenesis -- Communication and Semiosis -- Function -- Magic -- Structure -- System -- Code -- Teaching -- IV. Language and Language-Based Codes -- Verbal Communication: Introduction -- Language in a Semiotic Frame -- Arbitrariness and Motivation: The Language Sign -- Paralanguage -- Writing -- Universal Language -- Sign Language -- Language Substitutes -- V. From Structuralism to Text Semiotics: Schools and Major Figures -- Introduction -- Structuralism, Poststructuralism, and Neostructuralism -- Russian Formalism, Prague School, Soviet Semiotics -- Barthes's Text Semiotics -- Greimas's Structural Semantics and Text Semiotic Project -- Kristeva's Semanalysis -- Eco -- VI. Text Semiotics: The Field -- Text Semiotics: Introduction -- Hermeneutics and Exegesis -- Rhetoric and Stylistics -- Literature -- Poetry and Poeticalness -- Theater and Drama -- Narrative -- Myth -- Ideology -- Theology -- VII. Nonverbal Communication -- Nonverbal Communication: Introduction -- Gesture, "Body Language," and Kinesics -- Facial Signals -- Gaze -- Tactile Communication -- Proxemics: The Semiotics of Space -- Chronemics: The Semiotics of Time -- VIII. Aesthetics and Visual Communication -- Aesthetics -- Music -- Architecture -- Objects -- Image -- Painting -- Photography -- Film -- Comics -- Advertising -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND TERMS -- INDEX OF NAMES.

Abstract
"Semiosis" comes to us from Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) as a coinage derived from Locke's 1690 coinage of "semiotics". In early to late-middle twentieth century, however, with the notable exception of Juri Lotman (1922–1993), who knew Locke's work, this "new science" for studying signs was known rather as "semiology", the name proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), who was ignorant of Locke's earlier proposal. Drawing upon Locke's original terminology, Thomas A. Sebeok distinguished between anthroposemiotics as the exclusive realm of "semiology" and zoösemiotics as studying the action of signs throughout the animal kingdom. Sebeok identified Saussure's "semiology", accordingly, as a pars pro toto fallacy: the fallacy of mistaking a part for the whole, and later concluded that "sign-science and life-science are co-extensive", a thesis establishing the framework for studying the action of signs throughout the realm of living things, or biosemiotics. The present essay addresses the question of whether the unnecessarily reductive interpretation of this thesis as restricting sign-action to the living world is not itself a further illustration of Sebeok's pars pro toto fallacy, inasmuch as communication involves sign-activity whether it occurs in the living world or the non-living world of inanimate beings.

Zoosemiotics (ZS)-anatural &behavioral sci which has lately crystallized at the intersection of semiotics & ethology-is decomposed into 3 subfields: zoopragmatics (1-3), zoosemantics (6),& zoosyntactics (4, 5) , labels which cover the 6 aspects of a communicative event which have been variously studied by field O's or laboratory exp'ers working with animals: (1) source, (2) destination, (3) channel, (4) code, (5) message, & (6) context. Each of these aspects is considered & exemplified in some detail; eg, systems such as chemical, optical, tactile, acoustic, & several other channels are discussed in turn. 3 approaches are then mapped out: pure ZS, comprehending the elaboration of theoretical models; descriptive ZS, constituting the main subject of this paper; & applied ZS, aiming to deal with the exploitation of animal systems for the benefit of man. Linguists & psycholinguists who are concerned with animal COMM are interested chiefly in disclosing the biological & anthrop'al origins of human COMM, &, further, seek answers to particular questions such as these: what are the anatomical & physiological is of verbal behavior & what sensory & cognitive specializations are required for language perception; what motivates the onset & accomplishment of language learning in the development of human infants; why do subhuman forms lack the capacity to acquire even the beginnings of language; how can present evolutionary theory account for the uniqueness of both form & behavior of language specialization in man; & what is the genetic basis for language propensity, man's species-specific biological endowment?AA.

Intro -- SEMIOTICS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS -- SEMIOTICS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SIGNIFYING THE TRANSITION FROM MODERN TO POST-MODERN SCHOOLING THROUGH ANALYZING CHANGES IN THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF SCHOOLS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION: SETTING THE THEORETICAL GROUND -- 2. MODERN AND POST-MODERN SCHOOLING: A BERNSTEINIAN ANALYSIS -- 2.1. The First Ideal Type: Modern Schooling (Aftermath of the Second World War Until the Mid Seventies) -- a. Content Selection -- c. Objectives and Mode of Assessment -- c. The Social Relationships Established -- 2.2. The Second Ideal Type: Post Modern Schooling (Mid Seventies Until Today) -- a. Content Selection -- b. Objectives and Mode of Assessment -- c. The social Relationships Established -- 3. A SOCIO-SEMIOTIC INVENTORY FOR ANALYZING THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF SCHOOLS -- 3.1. Semiotic Resources for Classification -- 3.2. Semiotic Resources for Framing -- CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNERS AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 BEYOND SIGNIFICATION: THE CO-EVOLUTION OF SUBJECT AND SEMIOSIS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM AND THE SYMBOLIC REALM -- 2.1. Zoosemiotics -- 2.2. The Symbolic Realm -- 2.3. Texts and Semiosis -- 2.4. Abstraction -- 2.5. Agency and Subjectivity -- 2.6. Semiosis and Psychoanalysis -- 3. SEMIOSIS AS THE HISTORY OF SUBJECTIVITY -- 3.1. Coercion and Suppression of Subjectivity -- 3.2. Internal Representation and Subjective Morality -- 3.3. The Animal Kingdom of the Spirit: The Bad Subject -- 3.4. Freedom as the Realisation of the Symbolic Realm -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 LANGUAGE, EMOTION, AND HEALTH: A SEMIOTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE WRITING CURE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PEIRCEAN SEMIOTICS -- The Triadic Circuitry of the Sign.

Margt hefur verið skrifað um skáldið og rithöfundinn Þórberg Þórðarson. Minna hefur verið hugað að málfræðingnum Þórbergi og táknskilningi hans. Í þessari grein er hann þó meginathugunarefnið og ætlunin einkum að vekja forvitni manna um svið í skrifum Þórbergs sem hefur lítið verið sinnt. Viðhorf Þórbergs til ýmissa álitamála í málfræði eru skoðuð í sögulegu ljósi og stiklað á stóru um hræringar í samanburðarmálfræði á nítjándu öld og fram á þá tuttugustu, en táknskilningur hans borinn að kenningum táknfræðinga af ólíkum fræðasviðum. Þórbergur stundaði nám í norrænu við Háskóla Íslands og starfaði meðal annars við orðasöfnun úr mæltu máli. Í krafti áhuga á guðspeki og esperantó kynntist hann líka alþjóðlegum straumum og stefnum í málfræði en eins og jafnan vann hann á sjálfstæðan hátt úr þeirri þekkingu sem hann aflaði sér. Hann las til að mynda rit danska málfræðingsins Ottos Jespersen og þar kynntist hann sennilega kenningum Ferdinands de Saussure. Á Jespersen leit hann raunar sem "svikara" við málstað esperantós en engu að síður áttu þeir eitt og annað sameiginlegt, til dæmis áhuga á máli barna og leik með mál. Þórbergur tók líka undir ýmsar hugmyndir Danans, ekki síst um aflvaka málbreytinga, en í þeim efnum var Jespersen mjög gagnrýninn á formhyggju Saussures. Sú umræða á sér að líkindum pólitíska hlið, en þjóðtungur, uppruni þeirra og þróun, höfðu verið dregnar inn í þjóðernisorðræðu á fyrri hluta tuttugustu aldar. Þá er rakið hvernig Þórbergur beitir í frásögninni "Tummu Kukku" málfræðiskopi til að draga dár að þjóðrembu og málfræðilegri ályktanagleði um leið og hann tæpir á almennum spurningum um mál og merkingu. Sá táknskilningur sem lýsir af skrifum Þórbergs virðist standa nær hugmyndum bandaríska heimspekingsins Charles Sanders Peirce en Saussures. Peirce er talinn ein meginstoðin undir því fræðasviði sem landi hans Thomas A. Sebeok kallaði seinna dýratáknfræði (e. zoosemiotics) og líftáknfræði (e. biosemiotics). Önnur slík stoð er Eistinn Jakob Johann von Uexküll sem setti fram kenninguna um skynheim (þ. Umwelt) dýra. Dæmi tekin úr bókinni Steinarnir tala vitna um að Þórbergur sé á áþekkum slóðum og Uexküll í afstöðu sinni til skynjunar dýra auk þess sem Eistinn er upptekinn af barninu og hinu barnslega rétt eins og Þórbergur (og Jespersen). Allir þrir, Peirce, Uexküll og Þórbergur vildu ganga veg vísindanna en hneigðust samt til dulhyggju og höfnuðu efnishyggju. Enginn vitnisburður hefur fundist um að Þórbergur hafi þekkt til Peirce og Uexkülls en þann samhljóm sem heyra má með hugmyndum hans og þeirra er unnt að rekja til ákveðinnar tilhneigingar í tímunum: Uppreisn gegn vaxandi efnishyggju kann að leiða til áþekkrar niðurstöðu þó að forsendur hennar séu ólíkar. Grundvöllur Þórbergs var ekki síst guðspekin og austrænu fræðin. En séu hugmyndir hans bornar að skrifum líftáknfræðinga kemur í ljós hve langt á undan íslenskri samtíð sinni hann var í táknskilningi.