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The book is a study of the emergence of market economy with modern economic institutions in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt from the third and early second millennium B.C.E. The study covers the Sumerian, Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian periods. The economic analysis is based on Institutional Economics theory, and the data on the Old Assyrian period is based on the work of many scholars that transliterated, translated and studied many of the 23,000 documents of the Old Assyrian traders found in old Kanesh in Central Turkey.The book includes chapters on the institutions of: property rights; the markets and means of exchange; the organization and finance of trade; and enforcement institutions from the judicial, social and political systems. In addition, it gives a detailed analysis of: the early means of exchange (money) like the use of volume measure of barely and weight measure of copper and silver in Sumer; various instruments establishing property rights such as Kuduru border stones, seals and inserted cones in walls; detailed analysis of the communication system and its components; and the description of the modern financial instruments used to include, for example, limited partnerships

Due to digitalization, the pandemic and several economic crises, as well as the new demands on the world of work and the responsibility for sustainable business, the legal market and the ways lawyers work are changing. Law firms are facing entirely new and more complex challenges than before. This book provides answers to all questions related to law firm formation, law firm management, employee leadership, and law firm marketing. It highlights all aspects of modern strategic law firm development, including related business models such as legal tech. The clear and didactically prepared structure with chapter breakdowns, working examples, expert statements and summaries also facilitates selective reference to specific topics

A humanist manifesto for the age of AIArtificial intelligence may be the most transformative technology of our time. As AI's power grows, so does the need to figure out what—and who—this technology is really for. AI Needs You argues that it is critical for society to take the lead in answering this urgent question and ensuring that AI fulfills its promise.Verity Harding draws inspiring lessons from the histories of three twentieth-century tech revolutions—the space race, in vitro fertilization, and the internet—to empower each of us to join the conversation about AI and its possible futures. Sharing her perspective as a leading insider in technology and politics, she rejects the dominant narrative, which often likens AI's advent to that of the atomic bomb. History points the way to an achievable future in which democratically determined values guide AI to be peaceful in its intent; to embrace limitations; to serve purpose, not profit; and to be firmly rooted in societal trust.AI Needs You gives us hope that we, the people, can imbue AI with a deep intentionality that reflects our best values, ideals, and interests, and that serves the public good. AI will permeate our lives in unforeseeable ways, but it is clear that the shape of AI's future—and of our own—cannot be left only to those building it. It is up to us to guide this technology away from our worst fears and toward a future that we can trust and believe in

"The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization comprehensively and systematically explores the current understanding, and unchartered research paths, of autocratization. With wide-reaching regional coverage and expert analysis from Asia, North and South America, Europa, the Middle East and North Africa, this handbook reveals cross-country, and cross-regional, analysis and insights and presents in-depth explanations and consequences of autocratization. Arranged in five thematic sections, chapters explore the basic aspects of conceptualization, theorization, and measurement of autocratization; the role of various political and non-political actors as perpetrators, supporters, bystanders, or defenders of democracy against autocratization processes; and the consequences across various policy fields. Showcasing cutting-edge research developments, the handbook illustrates the deeply complex nature of the field, examining important topics in need of renewed consideration at a time of growing concerns for democracy and the global spread of authoritarian challenges to democracy. The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization will be a key reference for those interested in, and studying authoritarianism, democratization, human rights, governance, democracy and more broadly comparative politics, and regional/area studies"--

"Exploring the link between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the built environment, this erudite Companion provides a comprehensive overview and critical examination of key topics and complex research issues. Structured around the 5Ps of the SDGs - people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships - the Companion suggests potential routes for the future direction of research within this multidisciplinary field of study. Featuring thought-provoking contributions from an array of acclaimed scholars, the Companion analyses seminal literature and outlines up-to-date definitions for key concepts such as climate change, vulnerability, disaster risk, climate finance, and their connections to the built environment. Providing an examination of the theoretical dimensions of the field, it also explores the historical, current and future trends towards the realisation of the SDGs. Chapters further recognise the crucial role of the sustainable built environment in achieving the 17 SDGs as set out in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, presenting original expert analysis on key topics across these 17 goals. Innovative in its approach, this timely Companion will prove essential for researchers and students interested in construction and project management, industry, innovation and infrastructure, sustainable cities and communities, and urban and regional studies. It will also serve as a main source of reference for practitioners and decision-makers, acting as a guiding document for the built environment sector"--

Hybrid Governance and Non-State Actors in Singapore Foreign Policy: Sovereign Wealth Funds, Think Tanks and Para-Political Institutions in Foreign Policy Processes -- On the Pillars of Pan-Africanism: An emerging AU foreign policy -- Non-State Actors' Role in Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Enlargement Policy in Western Balkans -- Institutionalising Foreign Policy-making between Non-State Actors: From Reactive to Proactive Relations between the EU and the KRI -- The Syrian Opposition Ups and Downs and Its Participative Potential in Formulating Syrian Foreign Policy -- The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) as Foreign Policy (Non-State) Actor in Iraq -- The World Uyghur Congress as an Actor of Foreign Policy -- Conclusion.

In recent years, norms, normalities, and normativities have been disrupted. Although the idea of "normal" is local and subjective, norms are essential to social and collective behaviours, thus the meanings, ideologies, and relationships of power that structure those behaviours. At the same time, the disruption of norms can create disagreements about what is "normal" and inspire novel ways of being. This volume explores - from various discourse-analytic perspectives - the complex relationships between norms and discourse, and draws attention to the thematically and methodologically pluralistic work in Discourse Studies investigating these relationships across various social domains

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Origins of Conflict In Somalia: A Historical Context -- Chapter 3: Clan Configuration and Identity Networks in Somalia -- Chapter 4: Spatial (Un)Governance and Its Application in Somalia -- Chapter 5: Complexity of Somalia Conflict: Features and Actors -- Chapter 6: Socio-Economic and Political Consequences of the Somali Conflict -- Chapter 7: Impact of the Somali Conflict on National and Regional Security -- Chapter 8: Conclusion.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Science Discovers, Medicine Applies, Protection Lags, 1896-1902 -- Chapter 3: X-ray Protection Advances, Radium Protection Lags, 1902-13 -- Chapter 4: War Enlarges and Enriches Medical Radiology, 1912-18 -- Chapter 5: X-ray Measurements and Radium Protection Catch Up, 1914-22 -- Chapter 6: Establishment of International Norms, 1922-40 -- Chapter 7: War Generates Radioactive and Political Fallout, 1939-1965 -- Chapter 8: Tightening Norms Again and Opening to the Public, 1965-2023 -- Chapter 9: What Radiation Protection Suggests About Other Issues, 1990-present.

Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2. Terrorism, counterterrorism and democracy: theoretical tools and empirical methods -- Chapter 3. Fighting terrorism in transition: Tunisian CT between the local and the global -- Chapter 4. The Discourse of the War on Terror in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia -- Chapter 5. The price to be paid. The impacts of counterterrorism on a new democratic polity -- Chapter 6. Conclusions.

The EPDF and EPUB are available open access under a CC BY NC ND licence. This publication was supported by the University of Essex's open access fund. How do young people transitioning from care plan their future lives? Planning is usually thought of as requiring clear goals and 'future orientation', but how might planning be regarded by young people whose wishes, hopes and plans have been repeatedly dashed? In this book Peter Appleton builds on research interviews with care-experienced young adults, and on cross-disciplinary theories of planning and of emotions, to develop a creative and non-dogmatic three-aspects model of planning for young people leaving care. A valuable resource for practitioners, researchers and educators, this book puts forward a powerful case to think more broadly and flexibly about transition planning with care-leavers, placing the voices of young people at its heart

We have politics on our mind—or, rather, we have politics in different parts of our brains. In this path-breaking study, Matt Qvortrup takes the reader on a whistle stop tour through the fascinating, and sometimes frightening, world of neuropolitics; the discipline that combines neuroscience and politics, and is even being used to win elections. Putting the 'science' back into political science,The Political Brainshows how fMRI-scans can identify differences between Liberals and Conservatives, can predict our behaviour with sometimes greater accuracy than surveys, and can explain the biology of uprisings, revolutions, and wars. Not merely a study of empirical evidence, the book shows how the philosophical theories of, among others, Plato, Aristotle, and Spinoza can be supported by brain scans. Along the way, it also provides an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge of the organ that shapes our politics. The book shows that if we rely on evolutionary primitive parts of the midbrain—those engaged when we succumb to polarised politics—we stand in danger of squandering the gains we made through the last eight million years

Brings Thomas Reid into conversation with contemporary moral philosophyAppeals to readers interested in Reid and Scottish Philosophy; and to those broadly interested in moral philosophyDraws from Reid's entire corpus, not just his major published works, including his 'Some Thoughts on the Utopian System', correspondence, and 'Lectures on Practical Ethics'Applies Reid's arguments to contemporary discussions of moral subjectivism and moral pessimismDiscusses the implications of Reid's understanding of practical ethics and the limitations of speculative philosophy for moral educationIs morality a subjective matter, dependent on our desires and interests, or are there objective moral truths? And if the latter, can we explain the objectivity of morality without appeal to metaphysics, a robust teleology, or divine command? This book argues that we find just such an account of moral objectivity in Thomas Reid's defence of duty. To make this case, this book provides an explanation of Reid's way of philosophy and his reasons for rejecting moral subjectivism; presents Reid's account of the concept, perception, and motivational force of duty; and responds to contemporary challenges of moral subjectivism and moral pessimism from the perspective of his moral philosophy. Further, this book argues that if Reid is correct, then there is an urgent need to reform current pedagogical practice and return to the teaching of practical ethics