The profound social and political changes that took place in China at the turn of the 19th century led to a significant reappraisal of spiritual and aesthetic values in the society. The Western culture infiltration contributed to the reform movement and encouraged new trends in the Chinese visual arts. The artists who returned to China after studying abroad created various associations and art schools. They tried to find new forms and merge the heritage of traditional Chinese painting with the achievements of Western art. In the beginning of the 20th century Beijing becomes the center of social transformation in China and the source of a new cultural movement.
This article discusses the way Direct Line with Vladimir Putin from 2019 was illustrated in Polish media coverage. The research is based on the articles taken from most common news portals. Image created by the coverage among Polish readers is the main point of focus. Additionally, the means by which the message is created as a political discourse is covered while taking translation techniques into account.
Rußland verfügt gegenwärtig nicht über eine kohärente Strategie gegenüber den Staaten an seiner südlichen Peripherie, weil konkurrierende politische und wirtschaftliche Interessen im Innern einen Konsens nicht zulassen. Dennoch verfügt Rußland nach Ansicht des Verfassers über genügend Einfluß in dieser Region, um seine Interessen geltend machen zu können. Diese These versucht er anhand des Konflikts um die Pipelineführung des im Kaspischen Raum geförderten Öls zu belegen. Die politische und wirtschaftliche Instabilität der südlichen Anrainerstaaten trägt gleichfalls zur Stärkung der russischen Einflusses in dieser Region bei. Abschließend wird die Politik Moskaus im Konflikt um Nagorny-Karabach ausführlich beleuchtet. (BIOst-Mrk)
Der Autor geht von der Annahme aus, daß der Prozeß der wirtschaftlichen Wiederbelebung in Rußland schneller verlaufen wird als an den an seiner Südflanke gelegenen transkaukasischen und zentralasiatischen Staaten. Von daher wird die Disbalance in der wirtschaftlichen und militärischen Kräfteverteilung und die bestehende ökonomische Abhängigkeit dieser Länder von Rußland erhalten bleiben. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Autoren vertritt der Verfasser die Meinung, daß Rußland auch in Zukunft die Entwicklung der transkaukasischen und zentralasiatischen Staaten in hohem Maße mitbestimmen wird. Die von dieser Region ausgehende Instabilität schafft für Rußland jedoch gravierende Sicherheitsprobleme. (BIOst-Mrk)
In this article the image of Mongolia in the Soviet press during the 60s-80s years of the 20th century is analyzed. It is noted that all materials of the press of that time have an exclusively propaganda mode and are inseparably linked with the political processes happening in the country. The main questions brought up in the 60s-80s are connected with the entry of Mongolia into the United Nations, development of economy and agricultural industry. At the same time articles about the top officials of the two countries were published. The significant role in promoting the image of Mongolia was played by the Soviet writers and poets who wrote about the friendship of the two peoples in a manner peculiar to them. They also wrote about the development of agricultural industry and the relationship between the peoples of the two bordering states. In the 80-s there comes a new round of foreign policy interaction between the USSR and Mongolia that, in turn, is assessed in the media positively. In particular, the famous Soviet journalist, the publicist, the correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Alexey Mitrofanovich Krivel spent in Mongolia more than five years. During his stay in the republic he wrote many sketches, articles, stories and other publicistic texts.
The article concerns the organization of management at the Manchuria railway station in the early 20th century. The station was located on the Chinese territory, two kilometers from the Russian border. For several decades, the Russian population constituted a majority there; churches, schools and hospitals were built, and two customs offices operated. The management of the hamlet, which sprang up near the station, was carried out by the administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway. Simultaneously, at the time of the completion of the construction of the railway connecting branch "Chinese Junction - Manchuria", part of the functions of the management of the station was taken over by the Trans-Baikal Railway. On the materials of the Russian State Historical Archive the author had shown that the joint management of the station by two railways at once had a number of peculiar features. To resolve disputes, the administration of the railways entered into special agreements. The first of them was signed in 1903 and made provision for all income and fees from the operation of the border section of the road from the Chinese border to the Manchuria station to go into the use of the Transbaikal road. All expenses for the operation of the rolling stock were also to be borne by the Trans-Baikal Road. The operation of the station facilities was strictly regulated: one part of the stone building for passengers, as well as the territories along the railway line, passed under the control of the Trans-Baikal Road, and the other - under the control of the China Road. Expenses for the maintenance and repair of the building for passengers, as well as other public facilities at the Manchuria station, were to be borne by each road in equal parts. The efficiency of the station largely depended on the due organization of the management system. The simultaneous participation in this process of the representatives of two railway departments at once led to a lack of unity of action in matters of organizing transportation. The state-owned Trans-Baikal Railway was dependent on the central departments. The Chinese Eastern Railway, as a private road, had broader competence. The presence of commercial agents at the Manchuria station did not add to unity, as they oft en pursued their own goals to the detriment of state interests.
The article is devoted to the philosophical interpretations of Dostoevsky's work in Bulgaria in the first half of the twentieth century. Dostoevsky's initial presence in Bulgaria was investigated as well the response of the Bulgarian intelligentsia to his ideas compared to those of Tolstoy. The beneficial influence on the image of the writer as a thinker, philosopher, exerted by the Russian emigration in Bulgaria since the beginning of the 1920s is noted. Particular emphasis is placed on the work of Petr Bitsill, one of the best experts in the field of Dostoevsky studies. The types of interpretations of Dostoevsky as a philosopher are distinguished as follows: Dostoevsky as a Nietzschean. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche (opposition and identification) – bearing in mind the strong influence of Nietzsche in Bulgaria since the beginning of the twentieth century; Dostoevsky as one of the founders of Russian religious philosophy – considering the penetration of the Silver Age ideas in Bulgaria; Dostoevsky and psychoanalysis; Dostoevsky as a religious philosopher and innovator. The author concludes that the study of the peculiarities of the reception of Dostoevsky's work in Bulgarian culture of the first half of the twentieth century reveals not only the variety of world views but also the specifics of the national spiritual tradition.
