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Aerosol particles are a complex component of the atmospheric system which influence climate directly by interacting with solar radiation, and indirectly by contributing to cloud formation. The variety of their sources, as well as the multiple transformations they may undergo during their transport (including wet and dry deposition), result in significant spatial and temporal variability of their properties. Documenting this variability is essential to provide a proper representation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in climate models. Using measurements conducted in 2016 or 2017 at 62 ground-based stations around the world, this study provides the most up-to-date picture of the spatial distribution of particle number concentration (Ntot) and number size distribution (PNSD, from 39 sites). A sensitivity study was first performed to assess the impact of data availability on Ntot's annual and seasonal statistics, as well as on the analysis of its diel cycle. Thresholds of 50g% and 60g% were set at the seasonal and annual scale, respectively, for the study of the corresponding statistics, and a slightly higher coverage (75g%) was required to document the diel cycle. Although some observations are common to a majority of sites, the variety of environments characterizing these stations made it possible to highlight contrasting findings, which, among other factors, seem to be significantly related to the level of anthropogenic influence. The concentrations measured at polar sites are the lowest (g1/4g102gcm-3) and show a clear seasonality, which is also visible in the shape of the PNSD, while diel cycles are in general less evident, due notably to the absence of a regular day-night cycle in some seasons. In contrast, the concentrations characteristic of urban environments are the highest (g1/4g103-104gcm-3) and do not show pronounced seasonal variations, whereas diel cycles tend to be very regular over the year at these stations. The remaining sites, including mountain and non-urban continental and coastal stations, do not exhibit as obvious common behaviour as polar and urban sites and display, on average, intermediate Ntot (g1/4g102-103gcm-3). Particle concentrations measured at mountain sites, however, are generally lower compared to nearby lowland sites, and tend to exhibit somewhat more pronounced seasonal variations as a likely result of the strong impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) influence in connection with the topography of the sites. ABL dynamics also likely contribute to the diel cycle of Ntot observed at these stations. Based on available PNSD measurements, CCN-sized particles (considered here as either >50gnm or >100gnm) can represent from a few percent to almost all of Ntot, corresponding to seasonal medians on the order of g1/4g10 to 1000gcm-3, with seasonal patterns and a hierarchy of the site types broadly similar to those observed for Ntot. Overall, this work illustrates the importance of in situ measurements, in particular for the study of aerosol physical properties, and thus strongly supports the development of a broad global network of near surface observatories to increase and homogenize the spatial coverage of the measurements, and guarantee as well data availability and quality. The results of this study also provide a valuable, freely available and easy to use support for model comparison and validation, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improvement of the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions in models, and, therefore, of the evaluation of the impact of aerosol particles on climate. ; NOAA base funding supports the observatories BRW, BND, MLO, SMO, SPO and THD, where efforts of the dedicated observatory staff and of programmer Derek Hageman are appreciated. BRW observations are also supported in part by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility, a US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facility managed by the Biological and Environmental Research programme. Measurements at Welgegund are supported by North-West University, the University of Helsinki and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. This publication also forms part of the output of the Biogeochemistry Research Infrastructure Platform (BIOGRIP) of the Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa. Pallas and SMEAR II are grateful for the support of the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 272041), the Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic (project no. 269095), and the Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA, project no. 296302). Aerosol measurements at Anmyeon-do were supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" under grant KMA2018-00522. Measurements at Gosan were supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (2017R1D1A1B06032548) and the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant KMI2018-01111. The Lulin station is operated under the grants funded by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. WLG is supported by the China Meteorological Administration, where efforts of the dedicated observatory staff are appreciated. Sites PDM, PUY, GIF, CHC and RUN are partially operated with the support of CNRS-INSU under the long-term observation programme and the French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure. PDM and GIF received specific support from the French Ministry of the Environment. ATMO Occitanie is mentioned for sampling operations at PDM. Measurements at SIRTA are hosted by CNRS and by the alternative energies and atomic energy commission (CEA) with additional contributions from the French Ministry of the Environment through its funding to the reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA). PUY is grateful for support from ATMO Auvergne Rhône Alpes for sampling operations and the support from the personnel of the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC). The specific support of the Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD) in France and the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in Bolivia support operations at CHC operations. The Steamboat Ski Resort provided logistical support and in-kind donations for SPL. The Desert Research Institute is a permittee of the Medicine Bow–Routt National Forests and an equal opportunity service provider and employer. SPL appreciates the extensive assistance of the NOAA/ESRL Federated Aerosol Network, of Ian McCubbin, site manager of SPL, and of Ty Atkins, Joe Messina, Dan Gilchrist and Maria Garcia, who provided technical assistance with the maintenance and data quality control for the aerosol instruments. SGP measurements/mentorship were supported by DOE-7F-30118 and staff on site. The Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Monitoring Station is grateful to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for their long-term and continued support and all the staff from the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, who have contributed to the generation of records reported here. The aerosol measurements at the Jungfraujoch were conducted with financial support from MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme) and from the European Union as well as the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) for the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases (ACTRIS). The International Foundation High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) is mentioned for providing the research platform at the Jungfraujoch. The aerosol measurements at Kosetice received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109 and from the project for support of the national research infrastructure ACTRIS – participation of the Czech Republic (ACTRIS-CZ – LM2015037) supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I), grant agreement no. LO1415. The measurements were also supported by ERDF "ACTRIS-CZ RI" (no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315). Measurements at the Madrid site were funded by the following projects: CRISOL (CGL2017–85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE), TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government Y2018/EMT5177), AIRTEC-CM (Madrid Regional Government P2018/EMT4329), REDMAAS2020 (RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA) and Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPAÑA (CGL2017-90884-REDT). Measurements at Montsec and Montseny were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER funds under project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA). Aerosol measurements at El Arenosillo Observatory are supported by the National Institute for Aerospace Technology and by different R&D projects of the Ministerio Español de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO). Aerosol measurements at UGR are supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects no. CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT, RTI2018-097864-B-I00 and PGC2018-098770-B-I00 and by the Andalusia Regional Government through project no. P18-RT-3820. FKL, HAC and DEM are grateful for funding by project PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change (MIS 5021516), which is implemented under action Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure, funded by operational programme Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). CPC measurements at Sonnblick are supported by the Climate and Air Quality Commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the office of the provincial government Salzburg, Unit 5/02. At CMN, aerosol measurements were partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Research and Education. Measurements at Birkenes II are financed by the Norwegian Environment Agency. VAV is grateful for various Swedish FORMAS, Swedish Research Council (VR) grants and the Magnus Bergvall and Märta och Erik Holmberg foundations and the Swedish EPA for making the research possible at the VAV site. NMY wishes to thank the many technicians and scientists of the Neumayer overwintering crews, whose outstanding commitment enabled continuous, high-quality aerosol records over many years. Gunter Löschau is acknowledged for his contribution to the data acquisition at ANB, DTC and DRN. Financial support This research was supported by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (ACTRIS2 (grant agreement no. 654109)), the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa, the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 272041), the Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic (project no. 269095), the Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA, project no. 296302), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" (grant no. KMA2018-00522), the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant no. 2017R1D1A1B06032548), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (grant no. KMI2018-01111), the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, the China Meteorological Administration, the National Scientific Foundation of China (41675129, 41875147), the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2016YFC0203305 and 2018YFC0213204), the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2020KJ001), the Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of MOST and CMA, CNRS-INSU, the French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure, the French Ministry of the Environment, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I, grant no. LO1415), ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" (grant no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315), CRISOL (CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE), TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government Y2018/EMT-5177), AIRTEC-CM (Madrid Regional Government P2018/EMT4329), REDMAAS2020 (RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA), Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPAÑA (CGL2017-90884-REDT), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, FEDER funds (project HOUSE, grant no. CGL2016-78594-R), the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA), the National Institute for Aerospace Technology, the Ministerio Español de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects no. CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT, RTI2018-097864-B-I00 and PGC2018-098770-B-I00), the Andalusia Regional Government (project no. P18-RT-3820), the PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change (MIS 5021516), Research and Innovation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (grant no. NSRF 2014-2020), the Italian Ministry of Research and Education, the Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS, the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Magnus Bergvall foundation, the Märta och Erik Holmberg foundation, and the Swedish EPA. ; Peer reviewed

Esta tesis analiza la historia del pensamiento económico en América Latina y más específicamente, el desarrollo del estructuralismo en Colombia en las décadas de 1950 y 1960. Argumenta que Colombia contribuyó poco en el desarrollo del estructuralismo y de la Comisión Económica para América Latina por dos razones. Primero, las élites colombianas tendieron a subordinar su política exterior y doméstica a los Estados Unidos. Esa subordinación no previno la implementación de políticas de Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones (ISI), pero si impidió la influencia del cepalismo en Colombia, especialmente al final de los cuarenta y en los cincuentas cuando las relaciones entre la CEPAL y los Estados Unidos fueron muy tensas. Segundo, las contribuciones de Colombia al estructuralismo fueron débiles porque la economía como campo académico de investigación y debate se desarrolló muy tarde. Y aquellos colombianos que tuvieron posiciones estratégicas en el gobierno y en las instituciones económicas y quienes tomaron parte en los debates sobre el futuro del país principalmente, tomaron posición en la competencia bipartidista por el poder. El dialogo intelectual en Colombia con el cepalismo y la calidad del debate público en general fue muy pobre. Empleando la noción de comunidades epistémicas, esta tesis sigue el auge y expansión del cepalismo en América Latina antes de pasar sobre el caso de las particularidades de Colombia. Por eso y de acuerdo con las orientaciones que dirigen los estudios doctorales en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en Bogotá, incluye una perspectiva comparativa que sitúa la experiencia nacional del país en el amplio marco de América Latina. / Abstract. This thesis analyzes the history of economic thought in Latin America and, more specifically, the development of Latin American structuralism in Colombia in the 1950s and 1960s. It argues that Colombia contributed little to the development of structuralism and the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and for mainly two reasons. Firstly, Colombia's elites tended to subordinate domestic and foreign policies to the United States. Subordination to the United States did not prevent the implementation of policies fostering Import-Substituting Industrialization (ISI), but it did hamper the spread of cepalismo in Colombia, especially during the late 1940s and the 1950s when relations between ECLA and the United States were rather tense. Secondly, Colombia's contribution to Latin American structuralism remained weak because economics as an academic field of research and debate developed rather late. And those Colombians who held strategic positions in government and economic institutions and who did partake in debates over the future of Colombia did so primarily to position themselves in the country's bipartisan competition for power. Colombia's intellectual dialogue with cepalismo and the quality of public debate in general thus remained rather poor. Employing the notion of epistemic communities, this thesis follows the rise and spread of cepalismo in Latin America before zooming in on the particularities of the Colombian case. It therefore, and in accordance with the guidelines governing doctoral studies at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá, includes a comparative perspective that situates the country's national experience in a broader Latin American framework. ; Doctorado

Con excelentes conferencistas y una participación dinámica, se llevó a cabo el segundo panel del Foro Nacional Estudiantil de Economía y Finanzas, en el que se trataron temas bancarios dados la coyuntura de Covid-19. En la actualidad, el gobierno colombiano se ha centrado en aplanar la curva de contagios del Covid-19, sin embargo, esto ha ocasionado una baja de productividad, ingresos y liquidez dentro de las empresas. A partir de esto, el FNE, invitó a Andrés Albán, presiente de Colombia Fintech y CEO de Punto Red, Carlos Ernesto Lora, economista y socio de Giros y Finanzas, Camilo Pérez, Gerente de Investigaciones Económicas del Banco de Bogotá, y a Carlos Castro, profesor investigador, para tratar el tema a profundidad. En primer lugar, se habló de la responsabilidad del sector bancario en la recuperación de la economía frente a la reapertura del comercio y el consumo. Todos los conferencistas estuvieron de acuerdo en que, aunque la situación nos tomó a todos por sorpresa, la banca ha trabajado de manera adecuada, eficaz y prudente, ya que ha puesto diferentes mecanismos a la mano de empresas y clientes para poder seguir en funcionamiento. Además, afirmaron que el choque ha sido tan veloz que quienes no han recibido apoyo, no es porque no haya recursos, sino porque el tiempo ha sido muy corto para la cantidad de solicitudes. En resumen, según los panelistas, la banca se encuentra sólida, con problemas técnicos y operativos, pero con la capacidad de apoyo para la productividad del país a través del mejoramiento y el trabajo mancomunado entre las empresas de tecnología y la banca. Durante el panel, a los conferencistas también se les preguntó si era posible que llegara una crisis financiera que se uniera a la crisis sanitaria de la pandemia. En cuanto a esto, los conferencistas también concluyeron que dado a que las oficinas y establecimientos no cerramos por temas económicos, sino por las estrictas medidas de prevención del contagio como la cuarentena, no se puede hablar de una crisis financiera, ya que este no fue su origen. Agregaron, además, que se debe poner especial cuidado en la "cultura del no pago" que estamos teniendo, ya que muchas personas y entidades, aprovechando la pandemia y aún teniendo los recursos, se niegan a pagar. Esto se convierte en una cadena, y, por supuesto, afecta la economía. También se les preguntó sobre los principales retos que debe enfrentar la banca para mejorar la inclusión financiera durante y después de la pandemia. A esto, todos coincidieron en que existe mucho desconocimiento sobre la banca, como el uso de las páginas web y sus diferentes metodologías y servicios, y es justamente, el aprovechamiento de los canales digitales, lo que ayudará a superar la crisis, además de garantizar la construcción de relaciones con los clientes. Sin embargo, para nuestros expertos, para perder el miedo y lograr la digitalización bancaria, se requiere de apoyo gubernamental para campañas de conocimiento, y mejoramiento de infraestructura que faciliten el acceso a internet en todo el país, para que así, poco a poco se logre cambiar la mentalidad y el temor al sistema financiero. Finalmente, la conferencia terminó con una pregunta especial para cada uno de los panelistas que respondieron según su experiencia y área de conocimiento. Carlos Ernesto Lora, habló sobre las remesas que reciben los colombianos del exterior, y de cómo se verían afectadas por la recesión global. "Las remezas en Colombia y en países subdesarrollados son sumamente importantes, para el 2019 recibimos de 6.773 millones, un equivalente al 2.2% de nuestro PIB. Para el primer trimestre del 2020, ya habían decrecido un 15%, sin embargo, el Banco de la República había diagnosticado una baja del 40%, lo que evidencia que no se han visto muy afectadas", afirmó Lora. Camilo Pérez, se refirió a los sectores más afectados por la coyuntura y a los esquemas de financiación para los mismos. "Los servicios que no son de primera necesidad, como la recreación, el turismo y diversión. El comercio de vehículos, por ejempló, cayó en casi un 100%. Los restaurantes también se ven muy golpeados, principalmente por la cuarentena. Sin embargo, la pregunta es si la crisis de esos sectores se va a mantener, seguramente no, va a haber una recuperación, ya que la banca tiene grandes proyectos de apoyo, que dependerán también de cómo el gobierno permita que lleguen estos recursos para garantizar la sostenibilidad", concluyó Pérez. Carlos Castro, tocó el tema de la ley de borrón y cuanta nueva, y del impacto que esto puede tener en el sector financiero, sobre todo en aquellos que se benefician de los créditos en Colombia. "La motivación de la ley es trata de que, en últimas, no se castigue tanto el fracaso de las iniciativas empresariales, y de que la gente pueda, de alguna manera, reinventarse financieramente y generar otro proyecto. Muchas empresas fracasan o quiebran, y se quisiera que eso no fuera impedimento para seguir intentando. Aquí el tema, es encontrar información alternativa con la que se pueda tener información crediticia y así no afectar a la banca, es reinventar el score que conocemos actualmente", dijo Castro. Andrés Albán, habló sobre el papel de las Fintech, que a pesar de la crisis podrían verse menos afectadas. "Aquellos sectores que se centran en la tecnología u ofrecen una mayor digitalización, se verán beneficiadas en la medida de que las empresas empiecen a implementar sus servicios como pagos y metodologías digitales", finalizó Albán. Para la Facultad de Economía y el comité del FNE, fue un honor contar con estos excelentes panelistas y poder poner sobre la mesa temas tan relevantes en la actualidad, además de plantear posibles soluciones. ; With excellent speakers and dynamic participation, the second panel of the National Student Forum of Economics and Finance was held, in which banking issues were discussed given the situation of Covid-19. Currently, the Colombian government has focused on flattening the contagion curve of Covid-19, however, this has caused a drop in productivity, income and liquidity within companies. From this, the FNE invited Andrés Albán, president of Colombia Fintech and CEO of Punto Red, Carlos Ernesto Lora, economist and partner of Giros y Finanzas, Camilo Pérez, Manager of Economic Research at Banco de Bogotá, and Carlos Castro , research professor, to deal with the subject in depth. In the first place, the responsibility of the banking sector in the recovery of the economy in the face of the reopening of trade and consumption was discussed. All the speakers agreed that, although the situation took us all by surprise, the bank has worked in an adequate, efficient and prudent manner, since it has put different mechanisms at the hands of companies and clients to be able to continue operating. In addition, they affirmed that the shock has been so fast that those who have not received support, it is not because there are no resources, but because the time has been very short for the number of requests. In summary, according to the panelists, the banking system is solid, with technical and operational problems, but with the capacity to support the country's productivity through improvement and joint work between technology companies and banks. During the panel, the speakers were also asked if it was possible for a financial crisis to come along that would join the health crisis of the pandemic. Regarding this, the speakers also concluded that given that the offices and establishments we do not close due to economic issues, but due to strict contagion prevention measures such as quarantine, it is not possible to speak of a financial crisis, since this was not its origin. They also added that special care should be taken in the "culture of non-payment" that we are having, since many people and entities, taking advantage of the pandemic and still having the resources, refuse to pay. This becomes a chain, and of course it affects the economy. They were also asked about the main challenges that banks must face to improve financial inclusion during and after the pandemic. To this, they all agreed that there is a lot of ignorance about banking, such as the use of web pages and their different methodologies and services, and it is precisely the use of digital channels that will help to overcome the crisis, in addition to guaranteeing building customer relationships. However, for our experts, to lose fear and achieve bank digitization, government support is required for awareness campaigns, and infrastructure improvement that facilitate internet access throughout the country, so that, little by little, I managed to change the mentality and fear of the financial system. Finally, the conference ended with a special question for each of the panelists who answered according to their experience and area of knowledge. Carlos Ernesto Lora, spoke about the remittances that Colombians receive from abroad, and how they would be affected by the global recession. "Recollections in Colombia and in underdeveloped countries are extremely important, for 2019 we received 6,773 million, equivalent to 2.2% of our GDP. For the first quarter of 2020, they had already decreased by 15%, however, the Banco de la República had diagnosed a drop of 40%, which shows that they have not been greatly affected, "said Lora. Camilo Pérez, referred to the sectors most affected by the situation and the financing schemes for them. "Services that are not essential, such as recreation, tourism and entertainment. Vehicle trade, for example, fell by almost 100%. Restaurants are also hit hard, mainly by quarantine. However, the question is whether the crisis in these sectors will continue, surely not, there will be a recovery, since the banks have large support projects, which will also depend on how the government allows these resources to arrive to guarantee sustainability ", concluded Pérez. Carlos Castro, touched on the issue of the new smear law and the impact that this can have on the financial sector, especially on those who benefit from credits in Colombia. "The motivation of the law is that, ultimately, the failure of business initiatives is not so punished, and that people can, in some way, reinvent themselves financially and generate another project. Many companies fail or go bankrupt, and it is hoped that this was not an impediment to continue trying. Here the issue is to find alternative information with which to have credit information and thus not affect the bank, it is to reinvent the score that we currently know, "said Castro. Andrés Albán spoke about the role of Fintech companies, which, despite the crisis, could be less affected. "Those sectors that focus on technology or offer greater digitization, will benefit as companies begin to implement their services such as payments and digital methodologies," concluded Albán. For the Faculty of Economics and the FNE committee, it was an honor to have these excellent panelists and to be able to put such relevant issues on the table today, in addition to proposing possible solutions.

[ES] Cuando se termina de elaborar y, por lo tanto, se redacta el prólogo de la memoria institucional, han transcurrido ya unos meses del año siguiente, lo que quizá funciona como distancia hiperfocal y, por lo tanto, permite tener un mínimo de perspectiva "histórica". Es una aparente paradoja que esta perspectiva vaya ganando con el tiempo pero, como ya dejó dicho Borges, "antes las distancias eran mayores porque el espacio se mide por el tiempo". Quiero decir que aunque dentro de unos años, o de unos lustros, se pueda valorar con mayor objetividad lo que ha signifi cado el año 2006 en la historia del CSIC, a estas alturas en que redacto este prólogo, no puedo dejar de constatar que se trata de otro eslabón de la secuencia temporal más exitosa en la vida del Consejo: cada uno de estos años que estamos viviendo, supera al anterior en casi todos los indicadores disponibles, de forma que al final de la legislatura se habrán duplicado los activos del organismo. "El gobierno se compromete a duplicar el presupuesto de investigación. ¿Cuántas veces no habrán oído los investigadores este tipo de promesas para quedar después decepcionados? Todo el mérito, pues, para los políticos españoles que lo han cumplido". El párrafo anterior es el comienzo de un reciente artículo de Nature que, como es sabido, nunca ha sido una revista especialmente condescendiente. Estamos pudiendo asistir así, confi eso que con una mezcla de entusiasmo e incredulidad, al cumplimiento de una promesa electoral que puede dejar al CSIC nada más y nada menos que a la altura del siglo XXI. El equipo directivo del Consejo, que en 2006 se vio modificado por la sustitución del profesor ; Víctor Orera en la vicepresidencia por el profesor Rafael Rodrigo, puede decir aquello de Hernando de Acuña de que este es un fenómeno "por suerte a nuestros tiempos reservada". Y ya que hablamos de renovación de equipos, no puedo dejar de recordar que en 2006 se renovó también la cúpula ministerial, con la incorporación de la profesora Mercedes Cabrera como ministra, del profesor Miguel Ángel Quintanilla como secretario de Estado y del profesor Francisco Marcellán como secretario general. Sobre los incrementos que se dieron en el año de referencia, tanto en insumos como en resultados, existe información en los correspondientes apartados de esta memoria, de forma que me voy a centrar, más bien, en otros asuntos no tan fácilmente cuantifi cables pero, en mi opinión, igualmente significativos. Ello no obsta para que recordemos, aunque sea de forma muy somera, que a pesar de la reducción de ingresos procedentes de los fondos estructurales europeos, el presupuesto global subió en casi noventa millones de euros, debido al incremento de la subvención del Estado y de los recursos propios, o que el número de becas y contratos de doctores siguió creciendo a un ritmo impensable hace muy pocos años haciendo que se haya mas que duplicado en estos años. También quiero dejar constancia, de nuevo sin entrar en detalles, de una innovación en la gobernanza del Consejo: la puesta en marcha de un complemento salarial de "productividad por cumplimiento de objetivos" (PCO), que supone un avance hacia una mayor racionalidad en la estructura retributiva del personal, hacia la presencia de una parte variable en la remuneración de nuestros investigadores, que si bien es aun pequeña porcentualmente debería aumentar en el futuro. Titulé un artículo publicado en 2006 en un diario madrileño, recurriendo a una cita bien conocida del filósofo George Berkeley, esse est percipi porque creo que, efectivamente, la percepción es crucial, especialmente en estos tiempos tan visuales. Digo esto, porque me he propuesto renovar no sólo las estructuras del CSIC, sino también su imagen externa y, para ello, entre otras medidas, hemos empezado a instalar motivos escultóricos en el campus de la sede central de la calle Serrano de Madrid. ; Comenzamos en 2006, con la escultura matemática de Keizo Ushio y hemos seguido en 2007 con otras varias que reseñaremos en su día. El patrimonio artístico de la institución ha sido tradicionalmente muy pobre y pienso que debemos llegar a nuestros descendientes, no sólo bienes intangibles, sino también bienes físicos inventariables. En este orden de cosas, destacaría del año que cubre esta memoria, la botadura del buque Sarmiento de Gamboa que, sin duda, viene a enriquecer de manera muy notable el patrimonio institucional. En el año que cubre esta memoria, se conmemoraron el centenario de la concesión del premio Nobel a Ramón y Cajal y el vigésimo aniversario de la promulgación de la "Ley de la ciencia", hechos ambos muy celebrados por lo significativos que resultan para esta institución, ocupada en la puesta en marcha de su plan de actuación 2006-2009 que, por primera vez en nuestra ya centenaria historia, había sido sometido a estrictas evaluaciones externas. Si hubiera que reseñar un hecho que ha abierto unas extraordinarias expectativas en línea con un balance en general muy brillante, diría que la aprobación de la ley que permite trasformar al CSIC en la Agencia CSIC, que nos permitirá mayor agilidad en las tramitaciones de los cambios normativos a la vez que una mayor autonomía y transparencia, y cuya trasformación definitiva esta pendiente del Real Decreto correspondiente. Por lo demás, el Consejo siguió desarrollando sus habituales actividades, que también obtuvieron una cobertura por parte de los medios informativos superior a la de años anteriores. ; [EN] By the time the preparation and drafting of the prologue to the institution's annual report is complete we are already several months into the following year, which perhaps allows us to view the year at something of distance, with a degree of "historical" perspective. Paradoxically, however, although this perspective improves with time, it is nevertheless the case, in Borges' words, that "distances used to be greater, because space is measured in time." What I mean is that, although a few years or decades from now we may be able to assess what 2006 meant for the history of the CSIC more objectively, at the time of writing this prologue, I cannot but see it as another link in the chain of the most successful period in the CSIC's life, a period in which every year surpasses the one before it in terms of almost all the available indicators, such that at the end of this legislature the organisation's assets will have doubled. "New government pledges to double research budget. How often have scientists heard this type of promise and been disappointed? All the more credit, then, to Spain's politicians, who have delivered on it." These were the opening words of a recent article in Nature which, as is well known, has never been a particularly indulgent journal. We are therefore witnessing –and I confess that it is with a mixture of enthusiasm and incredulity– the fulfi lment of an electoral promise which has the potential to place the CSIC in a situation where it is able to face the challenges of the 21st century. The executive team, the composition of which changed last year when Professor Víctor Orera ; was replaced by Rafael Rodrigo as vice-president, can say, in the words of Hernando de Acuña, that this is something that "good fortune has saved for our times." And, on the subject of changes to teams, I feel I should also mention that 2006 also saw changes at ministerial level, with the incorporation of Professor Mercedes Cabrera as minister, Miguel Ángel Quintanilla as state secretary, and professor Francisco Marcellán as general secretary. In 2006 the CSIC underwent growth in terms of expenditures and outputs, but as there is information in the relevant sections of this report I shall concentrate instead on other matters which, although not so readily quantifi able, are –in my opinion– no less signifi cant. Nevertheless, we should recall, albeit in passing, that despite the fall in income from the EU structural funds, the CSIC's budget grew overall by almost ninety million euros due to an increase in the subsidy from national government and the organisation's own resources. Also, the number of grants or doctoral contracts continued to grow at a rate that was unimaginable a few years ago, more than doubling in recent years. I would also like to note –again without going into further details here– an innovation in the CSIC's governance, namely the implementation of a salary complement for productivity based on meeting targets. This represents progress towards a more rational staff compensation structure, with the inclusion of a variable component in the compensation paid to our researchers, which although small at the moment in percentage terms, should increase in the future. Drawing upon the famous philosopher George Berkeley, in 2006 I gave an article I published in a Madrid newspaper the title esse est percipi, because perception is crucial, particularly in these highly visual times. I mention this because I have set out not just to renew the CSIC's structures but also its public image, and to this end, among other measures, we have started to set up sculptures on the central campus located in Calle Serrano, Madrid. ; We began in 2006 with a mathematical sculpture by Keizo Ushio and we have continued in 2007 with several others about which we will give more details in due course. The institution's artistic heritage has traditionally been quite weak and I think that we should leave our descendents not just intangible assets but tangible physical ones too. In this vein, the launch of the Sarmiento de Gamboa which, without doubt, has greatly enriched the institution's assets, was another high point of the year covered by this report. 2006 was the centenary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Ramón y Cajal, and the twentieth anniversary of the promulgation of the "Law on Science". The CSIC celebrated both events for their importance for the institution. At the time the CSIC was also occupied with embarking upon its 2006-2009 action plan which, for the fi rst time in the CSIC's hundred years of history, involved its undergoing strict external evaluations. If it were necessary to single out a fact that has opened up particularly strong expectations, in line with what has been a generally excellent year, I would point to the approval of the law enabling the CSIC to be turned into a government agency. This will allow us greater fl exibility in handling regulatory changes and greater independence and transparency, defi nitive transformation is pending the corresponding Royal Decree. In addition to the above, the CSIC continued to conduct its usual activities, which, moreover, received wider media coverage than in previous years. ; Peer reviewed

Mental health and emotional responses to the effects of COVID-19 lockdown in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are of serious public health concern and may negatively affect the mental health status of people. Hence, this study assessed the prevalence of mental health symptoms as well as emotional reactions among sub-Saharan Africans (SSAs) and associated factors among SSAs during the COVID19 lockdown period. This was a web-based cross-sectional study on mental health and emotional features from 2005 respondents in seven SSA countries. This study was conducted between 17 April and 17 May 2020 corresponding to the lockdown period in most SSA countries. Respondents aged 18 years and above and the self-reported symptoms were feeling anxious, being worried, angry, bored and frustrated. These were the main outcomes and were treated as dichotomous variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with these symptoms. We found that over half (52.2%) of the participants reported any of the mental health symptoms and the prevalence of feeling bored was 70.5% followed by feeling anxious (59.1%), being worried (57.5%), frustrated (51.5%) and angry (22.3%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate analysis revealed that males, those aged >28 years, those who lived in Central and Southern Africa, those who were not married, the unemployed, those living with more than six persons in a household, had higher odds of mental health and emotional symptoms. Similarly, people who perceived low risk of contracting the infection, and those who thought the pandemic would not continue after the lockdown had higher odds of mental health and emotional symptoms. Health care workers had lower odds for feeling angry than non-healthcare workers. During the COVID-19 lockdown periods in SSA, about one in two participants reported mental health and emotional symptoms. Public health measures can be effectively used to identify target groups for prevention and treatment of mental health and emotional symptoms. Such interventions should be an integral component of SSA governments' response and recovery strategies of any future pandemic.

BACKGROUND: There are few accounts of evidence-based interventions for depression and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in primary care in low-income countries. The Friendship Bench Project is a collaborative care mental health intervention in primary care in Harare for CMDs which began as a pilot in 2006. CASE PRESENTATION: We employed a mixture of quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate the project's acceptability and implementation, 4-8 years after the initial pilot study. We carried out basic descriptive analyses of routine data on attendance collected between 2010 and 2014. We also conducted five focus group discussions (FGDs) with LHWs in 2013 and 12 in-depth interviews, six with staff and six with patients, to explore experiences of the intervention, which we analysed using grounded theory. Results show that the intervention appears highly acceptable as evidenced by a consistent number of visits between 2010 and 2014 (mean 505 per year, SD 132); by the finding that the same team of female community LHWs employed as government health promoters continue to deliver assessment and problem-solving therapy, and the perceived positive benefits expressed by those interviewed. Clients described feeling 'relieved and relaxed' after therapy, and having their 'mind opened', and LHWs describing satisfaction from being agents of change. Characteristics of the LHWs (status in the community, maturity, trustworthiness), and of the intervention (use of locally validated symptom screen, perceived relevance of problem-solving therapy) and continuity of the LHW team appeared crucial. Challenges to implementation included the LHWs ongoing need for weekly supervision despite years of experience; the supervisors need for supervision for herself; training needs in managing suicidal and hostile clients; poor documentation; lack of follow-up of depressed clients; and poor access to antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: This case study shows that a collaborative care intervention for CMDs is positively received by patients, rewarding for LHWs to deliver, and can be sustained over time at low cost. Next steps include evaluation of the impact of the intervention through a randomised trial, and testing of a technological platform for supporting supervision and monitoring clients' attendance.

International audience ; This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that, while recognizing the large variations in the specificities of ports, port measures could promote the reduction of underwater noise emissions from commercial navigation by changes in hull, propeller and engine design; and through operational measures associated with speed reduction, rerouting and convoy transport. Although the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly severe and widespread, there is uncertainty as to the mechanisms, contexts and levels that should lead to actions, requiring preventive management. Ship owners already face significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs must align with these factors.Based on a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could come up with measures such as reduced port fees and reduced waiting times for ships in ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to step up actions through environmental indices and classification society ratings, and integration with actions of other ports could help support this. However, few ships know their baseline for underwater noise, as there are very few hydrophonic stations and measurement methods are not standardized. Costs increase and availability drops dramatically if the purchaser of the vessel wishes to improve the sound profile. With local demands for airborne noise near airports, global pressure on the aviation industry has been stimulated to adopt existing calming technology. This experience with aviation noise control may shed light on the underwater noise process. ; Ce document vise à trouver des mécanismes pour aligner les intérêts commerciaux sur les réductions du bruit sous-marin de la navigation commerciale. Grâce à une enquête et à une série d'entrevues avec des intervenants représentatifs, nous constatons que, tout en reconnaissant les grandes variations dans les spécificités des ports, les mesures portuaires pourraient favoriser la réduction des émissions sonores sous-marines de la navigation commerciale par des changements dans la conception de la coque, de l'hélice et du moteur, et par des mesures opérationnelles associées à la réduction de la vitesse, au changement d'itinéraire et au transport en convoi. Bien que l'impact des émissions sonores sous-marines sur la faune marine soit de plus en plus grave et répandu, il existe une incertitude quant aux mécanismes, aux contextes et aux niveaux qui devraient conduire à des mesures, nécessitant une gestion préventive. Les propriétaires de navires doivent déjà faire face à des coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation importants pour se conformer au carburant, eau de ballast, les exigences en matière de NOx et de CO2. Pour réussir, les programmes de bruit sous-marin doivent s'aligner sur ces facteurs.Sur la base d'une approche de prise de décision à critères multiples (MCDM), nous trouvons un ensemble de solutions de compromis pour un large éventail de parties prenantes. Les ports pourraient proposer des mesures telles que des frais portuaires réduits et des temps d'attente réduits pour les navires dans les ports, tous deux en fonction des performances en matière de bruit sous-marin. La coopération entre les ports pour intensifier les actions par le biais d'indices environnementaux et de notations des sociétés de classification, et l'intégration avec les actions d'autres ports pourraient contribuer à soutenir cela. Cependant, peu de navires connaissent leur base de référence en matière de bruit sous-marin, car il y a très peu de stations hydrophoniques et les méthodes de mesure ne sont pas normalisées. Les coûts augmentent et la disponibilité diminue considérablement si l'acheteur du navire souhaite améliorer le profil sonore. Demandes locales concernant bruit aérien à proximité des aéroports, la pression mondiale sur l'industrie de l'aviation a été stimulée pour qu'elle adopte la technologie d'apaisement existante. Cette expérience du contrôle du bruit de l'aviation pourrait éclairer le processus de bruit sous-marin.

India víctima del terrorismo El pasado 26 de noviembre ocurrieron diez ataques terroristas coordinados en Bombay, capital financiera ubicada al este de India.Unas 155 personas han muerto, incluyendo 6 extranjeros, y 327 resultaron heridas. La operación fue reivindicada por un grupo islamista poco conocido: los Muyahidines del Decán.El pasado martes al menos tres personas murieron y 29 resultaron heridas al explotar una bomba en un vagón de tren en el noroeste de India Varios medios informan al respecto:"El País" de Madrid:"India crea un organismo federal antiterrorista: Dimite el ministro del Interior por la tardía respuesta al ataque de Bombay": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rice/urge/Pakistan/colaborar/investigacion/atentados/Bombay/elpepuint/20081201elpepuint_3/Tes"Los terroristas de Bombay fueron entrenados en dos bases de Pakistán": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/terroristas/Bombay/fueron/entrenados/bases/Pakistan/elpepiint/20081202elpepiint_4/Tes"El Gobierno indio acusa del ataque a Bombay a terroristas "de fuera":El primer ministro indio dice que los terroristas tenían su base en el exterior de India, en alusión a Pakistán.- Tres de los detenidos confiesan su pertenencia a un grupo islámico paquistaní": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/indio/acusa/ataque/Bombay/terroristas/fuera/elpepuint/20081128elpepuint_8/Tes"New York Times":"Analysts Say It Will Be Difficult to Shield Luxury Hotels From Terrorist Attacks":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/world/asia/01hotel.html?ref=world"Cabinet Minister Resigns in Wake of India Attacks":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/world/asia/01mumbai.html"Le Monde":"L'Inde proteste officiellement auprès du Pakistan après les attentats":http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/12/01/l-inde-proteste-officiellement-aupres-du-pakistan-apres-les-attentats_1125630_3216.html#ens_id=1123577"Le processus de paix indo-pakistanais menacé":http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/12/01/le-processus-de-paix-indo-pakistanais-menace_1125382_3216.html#ens_id=1123577"La cohésion confessionnelle, principal enjeu de l'après-Bombay en Inde":http://www.lemonde.fr/international/son/2008/12/01/la-cohesion-confessionnelle-principal-enjeu-de-l-apres-bombay-en-inde_1125618_3210.html#ens_id=1123577"CNN"Presenta sitio web con artículos relacionados a los atentados: http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/mumbai.attacks/"Hand over militants, India tells Pakistan":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/02/india.attacks/index.html"BBC":"EE.UU. "advirtió" a India sobre Bombay": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7761000/7761477.stm"Bombay, una mexicana y un sueño roto": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7761000/7761172.stm"MSNBC""Official: Train blast kills 3, wounds 29 in India: Bombing in insurgency-hit area not thought to be linked to Mumbai attacks":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28009719/"U.S. official: Indian attack has Pakistani ties: Washington says it warned of possible waterborne attack on Mumbai": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28015877/"La Nación":"India pidió a Paquistán la extradición de 20 presuntos terroristas: Realizó el pedido formal y aguarda la respuesta oficial del país vecino; es por la ola de atentados en Bombay":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076532"Los hoteles de lujo, un imán para los terroristas: Los expertos advierten que es muy difícil convertirlos en fortalezas":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076392"EL Universal" de México:"Al menos tres muertos por nueva bomba en India: El tren viajaba desde Lumding, en la provincia central de Assam, con destino al activo centro comercial de Tinsukhia, en el este, dijo Sahu":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/559859.html"Ofrece Pakistán a India una comisión sobre ataque a Bombay: El ministro de Exteriores paquistaní reiteró la intención de su Gobierno de cooperar para llevar ante la Justicia a quienes perpetraron ese atroz acto terrorista": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/559767.html"The Economist": "India under attack: A terrorist onslaught of stunning scope and horror": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12708194"Los Ángeles Times":"In Mumbai, terrorists and survivors sought":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mumbai28-2008nov28,0,3880571.story"India terrorist attacks leave at least 101 dead in Mumbai":http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/front/la-fg-mumbai27-2008nov27,0,4127780.story "Miami Herald":"Landmark Mumbai hotel targeted in terrorist spree":http://www.miamiherald.com/business/breaking-news/story/789813.html"Timeline for Mumbai terrorist attacks":http://www.miamiherald.com/691/story/790274.html"Times":"Mumbai attacks - city fears five terrorists are 'missing'":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5265938.ece"'Free our Mujahideens' demand Bombay terrorists":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5242602.eceAMERICA LATINA"MSNBC" informe: "37 killed in Tijuana over 3 days: Toll includes 4 children and 9 decapitated men; police chief fired":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27990143/"MSNBC" anuncia: "Mexican president vows to clean up corruption: He also pledges to never negotiate with drug lords": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27984780/"Le Monde" publica: "Venezuela : Hugo Chavez se voit gouverner "jusqu'en 2019, jusqu'en 2021":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/12/01/venezuela-hugo-chavez-se-voit-gouverner-jusqu-en-2019-jusqu-en-2021_1125392_3222.html#ens_id=1120093"CNN" plantea: "Chavez again seeks way past term limit":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/30/venezuela.chavez.vote/index.html"BBC" anuncia: "Venezuela: enmienda con fecha":http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7759000/7759907.stm"El País" de Madrid informa: "Hugo Chávez reabre el proceso para su reelección indefinida: El líder venezolano ignora la consulta que tumbó la reforma constitucional": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Hugo/Chavez/reabre/proceso/reeleccion/indefinida/elpepuint/20081130elpepuint_11/Tes"La Nación" anuncia: "Reelección en Venezuela: Chávez: "Empieza la ofensiva"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076471"El País" de Madrid informa: "La asignatura pendiente de Brasil: Lula no ha cumplido su promesa de un reparto justo de tierras cultivables": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/asignatura/pendiente/Brasil/elpepuint/20081201elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" publica: "Brazil officials track disease from flood-tainted water":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/12/02/brazil.floods/index.html"CNN" plantea: "Chileans angry over Peru general's 'body bag' remark":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/12/01/peru.chile/index.html"La Nación" publica: "La nueva vida de Ingrid, entre viajes y reuniones: Antes de su visita a América latina, la ex rehén recorrió varios países, fue recibida por importantes líderes y distinguida con varios galardones":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076579"The Economist" analiza: "Latin American diplomacy: Friends of opportunity. China, rather than Russia, is the new partner that matters":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12684849ESTADOS UNIDOS-CANADA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Obama confirma a Hillary Clinton como secretaria de Estado: Robert Gates seguirá al frente de Defensa.- El presidente electo anuncia los nombres que tendrán la misión de recuperar la credibilidad de EE UU en el mundo": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Obama/confirma/Hillary/Clinton/secretaria/Estado/elpepuint/20081201elpepuint_9/Tes"BBC" analiza: "¿Líder antiguerra, gabinete bélico?: Tras semanas de especulación, de críticas y elogios adelantados, el presidente electo de Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, le presentó al mundo su equipo de Relaciones Exteriores, y describió a quienes lo conforman como individuos con "fuertes personalidades" para desatar "vigorosos debates".":http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7759000/7759630.stm"El Universal" de México informa: "Obama plantea "nuevo liderazgo": Reitera su intención de sacar tropas de Irak en 16 meses": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/59785.html"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "La gran oportunidad de Hillary para hacer gala de sus credenciales : Analistas coinciden en que la "marca registrada" de Clinton y la popularidad de Obama a nivel internacional lograrán mejorar la imagen de EE.UU. en el mundo.":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/12/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/86FA1457-7630-45F2-A88D-5D76D7644465.htm?id={86FA1457-7630-45F2-A88D-5D76D7644465}"La Nación" publica: "Gobernadores con cuentas en rojo se reunieron con Obama: El presidente electo norteamericano atendió solicitudes de miles de millones de dólares para financiar la atención médica y proyectos de infraestructura en sus estados":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076626"BBC" plantea: "Bush defiende su gestión: A poco más de un mes de dejar la Casa Blanca, el saliente presidente de Estados Unidos George W. Bush defendió su gestión diciendo que tomó decisiones difíciles, pero que no comprometió sus principios.":http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7759000/7759902.stm"La Nación" anuncia: "Bush confesó que cometió su mayor error en Irak: El presidente de EE.UU. indicó a ABC News que no debió confiar en los informes de inteligencia que indicaban que Saddam Hussein tenía armas de destrucción masiva":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076597"La Nación" informa: "Temen un ataque terrorista con armas biológicas antes de 2013: Un estudio efectuado durante seis meses por el Congreso norteamericano concluyó también que hay "materiales nucleares" en todo el mundo que están "pobremente protegidos" y que podrían ser utilizados en atentados":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076664EUROPA"El País" de Madrid informa: "'L'acqua alta' inunda Venecia: Las fuertes lluvias de los últimos días y el viento del sur provocan una subida del nivel del agua que deja bajo el agua gran parte de la ciudad": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/L/acqua/alta/inunda/Venecia/elpepuint/20081201elpepuint_8/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Italian police arrest suspects for alleged terror plot":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/12/02/milan.terror.suspects/index.html"El País" de Madrid publica imágenes sobre la inundación en Venecia:http://www.elpais.com/fotogaleria/Venecia/desbordada/agua/6008-1/elpgal/"CNN" plantea: "Romania parties in coalition talks after vote":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/12/02/romania.vote.ap/index.html"El Mercurio"de Chile informa: "Rusia modernizará sus misiles en respuesta a escudo espacial : El objetivo es lograr que las ojivas puedan volar fuera del alcance del sistema de defensa de EE.UU. También se planea adquirir proyectiles capaces de atravesarlo.":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/12/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/A30128DD-96AA-42BC-8578-0A39E4F809E0.htm?id={A30128DD-96AA-42BC-8578-0A39E4F809E0}"CNN" anuncia: "EU probes causes of Georgian conflict":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/12/02/georgia.eu.war/index.htmlAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"El País" de Madrid informa: "Diecinueve muertos en dos ataques suicidas en Pakistán y Afganistán":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Diecinueve/muertos/ataques/suicidas/Pakistan/Afganistan/elpepuint/20081201elpepuint_7/Tes"New York Times" plantea: "In Wake of Attacks, India-Pakistan Tensions Increase":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/world/asia/02mumbai.html?hp"BBC" publica: "Opositores dejan el aeropuerto":http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7761000/7761563.stm"New York Times" anuncia: "Thai Protesters to Focus on Airports":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/world/asia/02thai.html?hp"CNN" informa: "Thai protesters to end siege as PM ousted":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/02/thailand.protests/index.html"MSNBC" analiza: "Thai leader ousted; airports to reopen: Ruling parties dissolved over fraud; anti-government protesters to lift siege":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28007819/"La Nación" publica: "Tailandia: ordenan disolver el partido oficialista e inhabilitan al premier: Lo decidió la Corte Constitucional acusándolo de fraude electoral; el primer ministro aceptó el fallo y anunció su alejamiento del cargo":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076530"CNN" plantea:"Israel buries victims of Mumbai terror attacks":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/02/india.attacks.israel.funerals/index.html"Israel to free 250 Palestinian prisoners":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/11/30/israel.prisoners.ap/index.html"Bombers kill dozens in Iraq":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/12/01/iraq.main/index.html"Rocket attack near U.N. site in Baghdad kills 2":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/11/29/iraq.main/index.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "Intercambio de cuerpos: Irán e Irak intercambiaron cuerpos de soldados muertos durante la guerra entre ambos países, por primera vez desde la caída de Saddam Hussein y también por vez primera sin intermediarios.":http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7758000/7758533.stm"MSNBC" informa: "Iraqi women seek freedom of roads again: With sharp drop in violence, female drivers venturing behind the wheel":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28007108/AFRICA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Zimbabue sufre una nueva epidemia de cólera: Nueve de diez provincias se encuentran azotadas por la enfermedad.- El líder de la oposición pide la ayuda internacional para superar la crisis": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Zimbabue/sufre/nueva/epidemia/colera/elpepuint/20081201elpepuint_10/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Capital lacks clean water, cholera kills hundreds in Zimbabwe":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/12/01/zimbabwe.cholera/index.html"MSNBC" analiza: "Zimbabwe police skirmish with soldiers: Frustration over unpaid wages touches off a riot in capital":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28002804/"CNN" plantea: "Nigeria forces impose peace after deadly riots":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/12/01/nigeria.clashes/index.html"BBC" anuncia: "Etiopía anuncia retirada de Somalia: El gobierno de Etiopía informó que retirará sus tropas de Somalia a finales del próximo mes, luego de combatir a insurgentes islamistas durante dos años.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_7754000/7754688.stm"Le Monde" informa: "L'échec de l'Ethiopie en Somalie promet une victoire aux islamistes":http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2008/12/01/l-echec-de-l-ethiopie-en-somalie-promet-une-victoire-aux-islamistes_1125387_3212.html#ens_id=1112246"CNN" publica: "No way to stop us, pirate leader says":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/12/01/pirate.interview/index.html"La Nación" plantea: "Piratas atacan un crucero turístico con mil pasajeros cerca de Somalía: Los delincuentes llegaron en dos lanchas y comenzaron a disparar; el barco estadounidense logró escapar":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076545"El Universal" de México publica: "Aprueba ONU combate de piratería en Somalia: Avala que los gobiernos de la región incursionen militarmente en las aguas territoriales de la región para incautar y decomisar las embarcaciones, armas y demás equipo utilizado para cometer actos de piratería": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/559945.html"MSNBC" informa: "New hope on AIDS in corner of ravaged Africa: Progress in treating disease protects unborn children against infection":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27983459/ECONOMÍA"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12705958"CNN" anuncia: "Asian, Pacific stock markets plunge": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/01/global.markets/index.html"BBC" analiza: "EE.UU.: días de vacas flacas: Una prestigiosa organización de análisis en temas económicos de Estados Unidos dice que el país ya se encuentra oficialmente en recesión.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7759000/7759831.stm"La Nación" publica: "Ya es oficial: EE.UU. está en recesión: Un comité de expertos informó ayer que la contracción comenzó en diciembre de 2007; tras el anuncio, se derrumbó 7% el Dow Jones":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076460 "China Daily" informa: "US officially in recession, Dow falls sharply": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-12/02/content_7258334.htm"China Daily" plantea: "Oil tumbles below $50 as recession called": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-12/02/content_7259936.htm"The Economist" informa: "The price of oil: Down it goes. The price of oil has fallen below $50 a barrel. Why that may not be entirely welcome news": http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12716182&source=features_box_main"The Economist" analiza: "Barack Obama's economic team: Off to work they go: Barack Obama has stacked his cabinet with clever economists, but can they work together? And what will they do?": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12685546 OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid publica sección con: "Los 100 iberoamericanos protagonistas del año": http://www.elpais.com/especial/protagonistas/"El País" de Madrid analiza:"Moscú vuelve al Caribe: El presidente ruso Medvédev corteja a Cuba y Venezuela en una gira por América Latina": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/opinion/Moscu/vuelve/Caribe/elpepiopi/20081201elpepiopi_2/Tes"MSNBC" anuncia: "Pirates chase, open fire on U.S. cruise ship: Official: Boat carrying 1,000 passengers 'very fortunate' to escape hijack bid":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28011013/"La Nación" informa: " Rusia desafía a EE.UU. y moderniza sus mísiles: Las armas podrían quebrar el escudo norteamericano de defensa":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1076425"China Daily" publica: "First days after HIV infection may hold vaccine key": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-12/02/content_7259798.htm

This report begins by documenting the Palestinian Authority's (PA's) ongoing fiscal crisis that threatens its ability to provide basic services to the population. In 2011, the PA required about US$1.5 billion dollars in budget support, of which US$200 million to cover development expenses not funded directly by donors. However, it only received about US$814 million in budget support and US$169 million in development financing, for a total of US$983 million. Ultimately, the PA can only hope to achieve fiscal sustainability through a combination of sustained private sector growth and continued internal reforms. Robust private sector growth is necessary for the PA to generate the revenues needed to sustain service delivery. Yet the private sector remains stifled as a result of Israeli restrictions on access to natural resources and markets. The West Bank has experienced a slowdown in economic growth in 2011, combined with double-digit growth in Gaza. The recovery in Gaza can be attributed to a combination of aid inflows and easing of restrictions on entry of goods from Israel-though it is important to keep in mind that the average Gaza today is worse off than s/he was back in the late nineties. The recent growth in Gaza is also driven largely by a boom in the construction sector, and Gaza infrastructure exhibits such gaps and disrepair that major investments are necessary and would generate important employment as well as future growth. The slowdown in growth in the West Bank, on the other hand, is the result of falling donor support, uncertainty caused by the PA's fiscal crisis, and lack of significant new easing of restrictions by the Government of Israel (GoI).

In the context of climate change, the destruction and degradation of ecosystems, and many environmental problems and disasters in all parts of the world, environmental discourses such as growth limits, ecological modernization and sustainable development have proliferated (Dryzek 2013). Many governments, as well as international organizations have responded to the growing environmental concerns by adapting and tightening their environmental legislation. In some cases, it has been possible to implement concrete measures on-site and to solve existing problems. However, overall, environmental discourses have had limited impact in achieving tangible action. This is particularly evident in the progressive expansion of industrial- and commodity-based land uses with substantial negative social and ecological impacts, especially those countries in the tropics and subtropics with emerging economies. Why do environmental discourses sometimes translate into policies and sometimes not, and when, and under what conditions, are some then put into practice? This study deals with the problem of "turning words into action" and examines the case study of the Bolivian government under Evo Morales, which explicitly refers to the environmental discourse Buen Vivir ("good living"). The aim is to better understand the challenge of translating words into action to potentially foster the practical relevance of environmental discourses in order to positively influence the social and ecological dimensions of rural development. A discourse is a set of ideas, categorizations and concepts that reflect a particular interpretation of the world. Environmental discourses are discursive constructs that define how we perceive nature, how environmental claims are shaped, and how we deal with environmental problems (Hajer 1995). Dominant environmental discourses are those that translate into normative frameworks after their discursive elements are naturalized, and they ascribe some consensus of meaning. This study focuses on the dominant environmental discourse of Buen Vivir in Bolivia. Buen Vivir has become dominant in Bolivia as an 'alternative to development', and translated into national normative frameworks. Buen Vivir (or 'good living'), is the Spanish reference of the Quechua and Aymara words Sumac Kawsay and Suma Qamaña, respectively (Merino Acuña, 2016a). It promotes a harmonious relationship between humans and nature, in which the well-being of people and the survival of animals, plants, and ecosystems are ensured (Gudynas, 2013). In Bolivia, this discourse gained political attention during the late 1990s and early 2000s, and was adopted in its Constitution in 2009. The study follows three research goals. The first is to determine what makes an environmental discourse dominant. To this end, the study develops a four-dimensional analytical approach: content, actors, strategic practices and context. Using this approach, the study reconstructs the discursive process that led to the dominance of Buen Vivir. The second is to assess the practical relevance of Buen Vivir. This is achieved by determining if and to what extent relevant agricultural policies and socio-environmental manifestations, developing during the Morales administration, are compatible with the principles of Buen Vivir. The third is to explore what influences the practical relevance of dominant environmental discourses by exploring which factors influence the consideration of dominant environmental discourses in decisions of policymakers and land users. This is undertaken by examining subjective perceptions of the two actor groups on the role of a set of factors within three conceptual categories (political hegemony, operational capacity and personal priorities) in influencing policy and land use decisions. Finally, the plausibility of the results of the subjective perceptions is checked by looking at the socio-environmental manifestations and further land use and sectoral policy trends. The analysis showed that all four dimensions examined (content, actors, strategic practices and context) contributed to the dominance of the Buen Vivir discourse. It became clear that dominance resulted from a complex, interactive process that addresses a structural problem of society as a whole (indigenousness) and is part of broader socio-political struggles (decolonization). Concerning the relevance of Buen Vivir for the formulation of sector policies, the analysis showed very different results. For example, Buen Vivir is highly relevant for irrigation and food security policies, of moderate relevance for agricultural reform and agricultural development policies, and has no relevance for energy policies. In this respect, it must be stated that, especially, environmental policy areas were hardly influenced by Buen Vivir. Accordingly, the analyzed indicators of socio-environmental manifestations, such as deforestation and environmental degradation, hardly reflect the principles of Buen Vivir on land-use dynamics. Social aspects, such as smallholders' access to land and resources, staple vs commodity crops, as well as poverty and inequality, on the other hand, partly show greater compatibility with Buen Vivir. Nevertheless, the overall practical relevance of Buen Vivir is rather low. A greater practical relevance of Buen Vivir is necessarily subordinated to influencing factors from the category of political hegemony. In particular, the interests and preferences of the dominant political forces that limit the consideration of the principles of Buen Vivir limit in political decision-making processes. The lack of operational capacity by government agencies also has a negative impact on the implementation of Buen Vivir. In addition, personal preferences of politicians and land users influence the practical relevance of Buen Vivir. The results show that the practical relevance of environmental discourses depends on a complex network of various mutually influencing factors. It is difficult to influence the underlying processes and actors in a targeted manner in order to increase the practical relevance of eligible discourses. Nevertheless, it appears possible to identify opportunities for time and actor-suitable stimuli based on precise observation and analysis of socio-political processes and their actors. Moreover, the strengthening of advocacy coalitions is particularly effective in order to achieve political leverage. Relevant social groups, organizations and authorities can also be strengthened, for example through improved access to knowledge, resources and networks, as well as support in communication and the opportunities for political participation. Such supportive measures are particularly promising if a structuring problem for society as a whole exists or can be found that affects all four dimensions of the discourse. ; Im Kontext von Klimawandel, der Zerstörung und Degradierung von Ökosystem, und vieler Umweltproblem und -katastrophen in allen Teilen der Welt, haben sich kritische Umweltdiskurse zu Wachstumsgrenzen, ökologischer Modernisierung und nachhaltiger Entwicklung weiter etabliert (Dryzek 2013). Viele Regierungen und auch die internationale Gemeinschaft haben reagiert und damit begonnen, ihre Umweltgesetzgebungen anzupassen und zu verschärfen. In manchen Fällen ist es gelungen, konkrete Maßnahmen vor Ort umzusetzen, und Probleme zumindest punktuell zu lösen. Jedoch sind insgesamt den Umweltdiskursen nur unzureichend Taten gefolgt. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere auch in einer weitestgehend ungebremst voranschreitenden Landnutzungsdynamik mit ihren massiven negativen sozialen und ökologischen vor allem in den wirtschaftlich weniger entwickelten Ländern der Tropen und Subtropen. Warum aber werden Umweltdiskurse manchmal in Politiken umgesetzt, und manchmal nicht, und wann und unter welchen Bedingungen werden diese dann auch in die Praxis umgesetzt? Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit diesem Problem des "Umsetzens von Worten in Taten" und untersucht dazu das Fallbeispiel der bolivianischen Regierung unter Evo Morales, die sich explizit auf den Umweltdiskurs Buen Vivir bezieht. Dadurch sollen die Herausforderung Worte in Taten umzusetzen besser verstanden werden, um letztendlich abschätzen, ob und wie es möglich sein könnte, die praktische Relevanz von Umweltdiskursen zu fördern, um die soziale und ökologische Dimension von ländlicher Entwicklung positive zu beeinflussen. Diskurse bestehen aus einer Folge von Ideen, Kategorisierungen und Konzepten, die eine bestimmte Interpretation der Welt widerspiegeln. Umweltdiskurse sind diskursive Konstrukte, die definieren, wie wir die Natur wahrnehmen, wie Umweltansprüche geformt werden und wie wir mit Umweltproblemen umgehen (Hajer 1995). Dominante Diskurse sind diejenigen, die sich nach der Naturalisation ihrer diskursiven Elemente in normative Rahmenbedingungen übersetzen lassen und eine Art Bedeutungskonsens zuschreiben. Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit dem dominanten Umweltdiskurs des Buen Vivir im Kontext Boliviens. Buen Vivir (frei übersetzt "gutes Leben") stellt einen Diskurs zu einem alternativen Entwicklungsmodell dar und findet sich in Bolivien in wichtigen nationale Rahmengesetzen wieder. Buen Vivir ist die spanische Referenz der Quechua- und Aymara-Wörter Sumac Kawsay und Suma Qamaña (Merino Acuña 2016b). Buen Vivir zielt auf eine harmonische Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Natur ab, in der das Wohlergehen der Menschen und das Überleben von Tieren, Pflanzen und Ökosystemen gewährleistet ist (Gudynas 2013). In Bolivien erlangte dieser Diskurs in den späten 1990er politische Aufmerksamkeit und wurde 2009 in die Verfassung aufgenommen. Die Studie folgt drei Forschungszielen: Das erste Ziel besteht darin, herauszufinden, was Umweltdiskurse dominant macht. Die Studie entwickelt dazu einen analytischen Ansatz mit den vier Dimension: Inhalt, Akteur, strategische Praktiken und Kontexte, und rekonstruiert auf dieser Grundlage den diskursiven Prozess, der zur Dominanz von Buen Vivir geführt hat. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die praktische Relevanz von Buen Vivir bewertet, in dem festgestellt wird, inwieweit relevante Agrarpolitiken und sozio-ökologische Dynamiken während der Präsidentschaft von Evo Morales mit den Prinzipien von Buen Vivir kompatible sind. Schließlich wird untersucht, welche Faktoren Politiker und Landnutzer beeinflussen, dominante Umweltdiskurse in ihren Entscheidungen zu berücksichtigen. Dazu werden Repräsentanten relevanter Akteursgruppen befragt, um ihre subjektiven Wahrnehmung zur Bedeutung von Einflussfaktoren aus drei konzeptionellen Kategorien, politische Hegemonie, operative Kapazität, und persönliche Prioritäten) abzuschätzen. Abschließend wird die Plausibilität der erzielten Ergebnisse geprüft, in dem sie mit den tatsächlichen Dynamiken in Politik und Landnutzung konfrontiert werden. Die Analyse zeigte, dass alle vier untersuchten Dimensionen (Inhalt, Akteure, strategische Praktiken und Kontext) zur politischen Relevanz von Buen Vivir beigetragen haben. Es wurde deutlich, dass dieser Relevanz ein hochkomplexer, interaktiver Prozess zu Grunde lag, der auf ein strukturierendes gesamtgesellschaftliches Problem (Indigenität) thematisiert, und Teil umfassenderer gesellschaftspolitischer Kämpfe (Entkolonialisierung) ist. In Bezug auf die Relevanz von Buen Vivir für die Formulierung von Sektorpolitiken zeigte die Analyse sehr unterschiedliche Ergebnisse. So hat Buen Vivir für Bewässerungs- und Ernährungssicherheitspolitiken eine hohe Relevanz, für Politiken der Agrarreform und der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung nur eine mäßige, und für Energiepolitiken überhaupt keine Relevanz. Insofern muss festgestellt werden, dass gerade umweltrelevante Politikfelder kaum von Buen Vivir beeinflusst wurden. Entsprechend spiegeln auch die analysierten Umweltindikatoren, wie zum Beispiel Entwaldung und Umweltdegradierung, zur Landnutzungsdynamik die Prinzipien von Buen Vivir kaum wieder. Soziale Aspekte, wie der Zugang von Kleinbauern zu Land und Ressourcen, Grundnahrungsmitteln und Rohstoffen sowie Armut und Ungleichheit, dagegen zeigen zum Teil eine höhere Kompatibilität mit Buen Vivir. Dennoch ist die praktische Relevanz von Buen Vivir insgesamt eher gering. Eine höhere praktische Relevanz von Buen Vivir stehen vor allem Einflussfaktoren aus der Kategorie der politischen Hegemonie entgegen. Insbesondere beschränken Interessen und Präferenzen der dominierenden politischen Kräfte die den Prinzipien von Buen Vivir entgegenstehen, dessen stärkere Berücksichtigung in politischen Entscheidungsprozessen. Auch fehlende operationale Kapazitäten von Regierungsstellen wirken sich negativ auf die Umsetzung von Buen Vivir aus. Schließlich beeinflussen persönliche Präferenzen von Politikern und Landnutzern die praktische Relevanz von Buen Vivir. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die praktische Relevanz von Umweltdiskursen von einem komplexen Geflecht verschiedenster sich gegenseitig beeinflussender Faktoren abhängt. Es ist schwierig die dahinterstehenden Prozesse und Akteure gezielt zu beeinflussen, um die praktische Relevanz förderungswürdiger Diskurse zu erhöhen. Es erscheint dennoch möglich, auf der Grundlage einer genauen Beobachtung und Analyse der gesellschaftspolitischen Prozesse und deren Akteure, Möglichkeiten für zeit- und akteursoptimierte Stimuli zu identifizieren. Besonders effektiv ist dabei die Stärkung von Interessenvertretungskoalitionen, um politische Hebelwirkung zu erzielen. Auch können relevante soziale Gruppen, Organisationen und Behörden gestärkt werden, etwa durch verbesserten Zugang zu Wissen, Ressourcen und Netzwerken, sowie die Unterstützung bei Kommunikation und den Möglichkeiten politischer Partizipation. Vielversprechend sind solche unterstützenden Maßnahmen vor allen dann, wenn ein strukturierendes gesamtgesellschaftliches Problem existiert bzw. gefunden werden kann, dass in alle vier Dimension des Diskurses wirkt.

AIMS: To examine cross-national patterns of 12-month substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and minimally adequate treatment (MAT), and associations with mental disorder comorbidity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, representative household surveys. SETTING: Twenty-seven surveys from 25 countries of the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2446 people with past-year DSM-IV SUD diagnoses (alcohol or illicit drug abuse and dependence). MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes were SUD treatment, defined as having either received professional treatment or attended a self-help group for substance-related problems in the past 12 months, and MAT, defined as having either four or more SUD treatment visits to a health-care professional, six or more visits to a non-health-care professional or being in ongoing treatment at the time of interview. Covariates were mental disorder comorbidity and several socio-economic characteristics. Pooled estimates reflect country sample sizes rather than population sizes. FINDINGS: Of respondents with past-year SUD, 11.0% [standard error (SE) = 0.8] received past 12-month SUD treatment. SUD treatment was more common among people with comorbid mental disorders than with pure SUDs (18.1%, SE = 1.6 versus 6.8%, SE = 0.7), as was MAT (84.0%, SE = 2.5 versus 68.3%, SE = 3.8) and treatment by health-care professionals (88.9%, SE = 1.9 versus 78.8%, SE = 3.0) among treated SUD cases. Adjusting for socio-economic characteristics, mental disorder comorbidity doubled the odds of SUD treatment [odds ratio (OR) = 2.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.71-3.20], MAT among SUD cases (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.90-3.97) and MAT among treated cases (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.23-5.02). Patterns were similar within country income groups, although the proportions receiving SUD treatment and MAT were higher in high- than low-/middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Few people with past-year substance use disorders receive adequate 12-month substance use disorder treatment, even when comorbid with a mental disorder. This is largely due to the low proportion of people receiving any substance use disorder treatment, as the proportion of patients whose treatment is at least minimally adequate is high. ; The World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative is supported by the United States National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; R01 MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the United States Public Health Service (R13‐MH066849, R01‐MH069864 and R01 DA016558), the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03‐TW006481), the Pan American Health Organization, Eli Lilly and Company, Ortho‐McNeil Pharmaceutical Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, and Bristol‐Myers Squibb. We thank the staff of the WMH Data Collection and Data Analysis Coordination Centres for assistance with instrumentation, fieldwork and consultation on data analysis. None of the funders had any role in the design, analysis, interpretation of results, or preparation of this paper. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent the views of the World Health Organization, other sponsoring organizations, agencies, or governments , and do not necessarily represent the views, official policy or position of the US Department of Health and Human Services or any of its affiliated institutions or agencies. M.D.G.'s role in this study is through his involvement as a Science Officer on U01‐MH60220. He had no involvement in the other cited grants. The 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing is funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The Argentina survey—Estudio Argentino de Epidemiología en Salud Mental (EASM)—was supported by a grant from the Argentinian Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud de la Nación). The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Thematic Project Grant 03/00204–3. The Bulgarian Epidemiological Study of common mental disorders EPIBUL is supported by the Ministry of Health and the National Center for Public Health Protection. The Chinese World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by the Pfizer Foundation. The Colombian National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) is supported by the Ministry of Social Protection. The Mental Health Study Medellín—Colombia was carried out and supported jointly by the Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health (CES University) and the Secretary of Health of Medellín. The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission [Contracts QLG5–1999‐01042; SANCO 2004123, and EAHC 20081308) (the Piedmont Region (Italy)], Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000–158‐CE), Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR 452; 2014 SGR 748), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM‐TAP) and other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. Implementation of the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS) and data entry were carried out by the staff of the Iraqi MOH and MOP with direct support from the Iraqi IMHS team with funding from both the Japanese and European Funds through the United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund (UNDG ITF). The Israel National Health Survey is funded by the Ministry of Health with support from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research and the National Insurance Institute of Israel. The World Mental Health Japan (WMHJ) Survey is supported by the Grant for Research on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases and Mental Health (H13‐SHOGAI‐023, H14‐TOKUBETSU‐026, H16‐KOKORO‐013, H25‐SEISHIN‐IPPAN‐006) from the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The Lebanese Evaluation of the Burden of Ailments and Needs Of the Nation (L.E.B.A.N.O.N.) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481–01), anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon and unrestricted grants from Algorithm, AstraZeneca, Benta, Bella Pharma, Eli Lilly, Glaxo Smith Kline, Lundbeck, Novartis, OmniPharma, Pfizer, Phenicia, Servier and UPO. The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (MNCS) is supported by The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente (INPRFMDIES 4280) and by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT‐G30544‐ H), with supplemental support from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey (NZMHS) is supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, Alcohol Advisory Council, and the Health Research Council. The Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW) is supported by the WHO (Geneva), the WHO (Nigeria) and the Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria. The Northern Ireland Study of Mental Health was funded by the Health and Social Care Research and Development Division of the Public Health Agency. The Peruvian World Mental Health Study was funded by the National Institute of Health of the Ministry of Health of Peru. The Polish project Epidemiology of Mental Health and Access to Care—EZOP Project (PL 0256) was supported by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through funding from the EEA Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. The EZOP project was co‐financed by the Polish Ministry of Health. The Portuguese Mental Health Study was carried out by the Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, with the collaboration of the Portuguese Catholic University, and was funded by Champalimaud Foundation, Gulbenkian Foundation, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and Ministry of Health. The Romania WMH study projects 'Policies in Mental Health Area' and 'National Study regarding Mental Health and Services Use' were carried out by National School of Public Health and Health Services Management (former National Institute for Research and Development in Health), with technical support from Metro Media Transilvania, the National Institute of Statistics–National Centre for Training in Statistics, SC, Cheyenne Services SRL, Statistics Netherlands and were funded by Ministry of Public Health (former Ministry of Health) with supplemental support of Eli Lilly Romania SRL. The Psychiatric Enquiry to General Population in Southeast Spain—Murcia (PEGASUS–Murcia) Project has been financed by the Regional Health Authorities of Murcia (Servicio Murciano de Salud and Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social) and Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias (FFIS) of Murcia. The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R) is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; U01‐MH60220) with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF; Grant 044708) and the John W. Alden Trust. J.M. is supported by NHMRC Project grants (APP 1007677, APP 1099709) and a John Cade Fellowship (APP1056929). J.M. was supported by a Niels Bohr Professorship from the Danish National Research Foundation. L.D. is supported by an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (no. 1135991) and NIDA NIH grant R01 DA044170‐02. L.D. and C.B. are supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant (no. 1081984). NDARC is supported by funding from the Australian Government Department of Health under the Drug and Alcohol Program. A complete list of all within‐country and cross‐national WMH publications can be found at http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/.

The socio-economic context in the Kyrgyz Republic is complex. In terms of GDP per capita (PPP) the Kyrgyz Republic ranks among the poorest countries in the world. This position is reflected in the high national poverty rate of 25.4% but less so in the rate of undernourishment (6.4%) where the country performs comparatively better (Table 1). A recent feature of Kyrgyz society has been the high rate of outmigration, with an estimated 0.5% of the population leaving the country every year between 2010–2015. Linked to this has been the rise in household reliance on remittances for income, with remittance income estimated to be equivalent to 28.5% of GDP in 2019. The Kyrgyz Republic's national economy has rapidly transitioned away from agriculture, constituting 14.6% of GDP in 2017 compared with 54.2% from the service sector. However, a large proportion of the population remain dependent on agriculture for subsistence and this remains a major employer. A wide variety of natural hazards also affect the Kyrgyz Republic. Earthquakes are common and have led to loss of life and significant damage to infrastructure and livelihoods, typically occurring every 5–10 years. Climate related hazards are also common and diverse. These include drought, land and mudslides, flash floods, and glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs), all of which contribute to significant levels of disaster risk. In the context of high social vulnerability and hazard exposure the emerging impacts of climate change are of potential significance. The Kyrgyz Republic has identified climate change impacts as a significant challenge to its development goals and has identified its commitment to climate change adaptation through its First Nationally Determined Contribution (2016) and Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (2020). In 2016 the Republic released its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC (NC3), directed by the State Agency for Environment Protection and Forestry under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. The country has identified its water, energy, agriculture and infrastructure sectors as the most vulnerable to climate change

The relation between the Congress of the Republic and Peruvian National Government is regulated by the Political Constitution of 1993. In the Constitution are established the dialogue mechanisms, control and counterweights both in the political as in the realms of the administrative assessment of public management for guaranteeing the governability of the country. Nonetheless, the Peruvian context between 2018-2020 allows the creation of special social, political and constitutional contexts, particularly because in the aforementioned period there has been a presidential resignation, a dissolution of the Congress and a state of emergency. This study was aimed by a descriptive method, especially because of the special and historically unique republican situation of Peru, in which there were no registers of political counterweights system after the dissolution of Congress by the Executive power (in September 2019), a fact that allows the creation of a particular context that also allows the analysis of the parliamentary interregnum period (2019-2020), followed by the state of emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (March-June 2020), which generates qualitative and causal research. As a result of this assessment, a particular situation is detailed. The executive Power has not executed acts of abuse of its position but has developed a legislative production that must be assessed in conformity with the 104th, 118th, 135th and 137th articles of the 1993 Political Constitution, with which there would be a return to a Rule of Law with the coexistence of political counterweights in a democratic manner. ; La relación entre el Congreso de la República y el Gobierno nacional peruano está regulada en la Constitución Política de 1993. Allí se establecen los mecanismos de diálogo, control y contrapesos tanto en lo político como en el ámbito de la fiscalización de la gestión pública, para así garantizar la gobernabilidad del país. Sin embargo, el contexto peruano entre el 2018 y 2020 permite detallar un contexto social, político y constitucional sumamente especial, en particular porque en este tiempo se ha registrado una renuncia presidencial, se ha disuelto al Congreso de la República y se registra un estado de emergencia. En la elaboración del texto se han empleado el método descriptivo, especialmente porque se ha registrado una situación especial y única en la historia republicana del Perú, en la cual no se había registrado un sistema de contrapesos políticos luego de la disolución del Congreso de la República por parte del Poder Ejecutivo (septiembre de 2019) hecho permite detallar un contexto muy particular que permite analizar el período de interregno parlamentario (2019-2020), seguido del estado de emergencia a consecuencia de la pandemia provocada por la Covid-19 (marzo-junio del 2020), con lo cual se genera una investigación cualitativa y causal. Como resultado de esta evaluación, se detalla una situación particular. El Poder Ejecutivo no ha ejecutado actos de abuso de su posición, pero ha desarrollado una producción legislativa que debe ser evaluada en conformidad con los artículos 104º, 118º, 135º y 137º de la Constitución Política de 1993, con lo cual se volvería a un Estado de derecho en el cual coextisten los contrapesos políticos en forma democrática. ; A relação entre o Congresso da República e o governo nacional peruano está regularizada na Constituição Política de 1993. Nela são estabelecidos os mecanismos de diálogo, controle e contrapesos tanto no âmbito político quanto no da fiscalização da gestão pública, para assim garantir a governabilidade do país. Contudo, o contexto peruano entre 2018 e 2020 permite detalhar um contexto social, político e constitucional sumamente especial, em particular porque, nesse período, são registrados renúncia presidencial, dissolução do Congresso da República e estado de emergência. Na elaboração do texto, foi utilizado o método descritivo, especialmente porque tem sido presenciada uma situação especial e única na história republicana do Peru, na qual um sistema de contrapesos políticos não tinha sido visto após a dissolução do Congresso da República por parte do Poder Executivo (setembro de 2019), fato que permite detalhar com um contexto muito particular para analisar o intervalo parlamentar (2019-2020), seguido do estado de emergência devido à pandemia da covid-19 (março-junho de 2020); a partir disso, é gerada uma pesquisa qualitativa e causal. Como resultado dessa avaliação, uma situação particular é detalhada. O Poder Executivo não vem executando atos de abuso de sua posição, mas vem desenvolvendo uma produção legislativa que deve ser avaliada de acordo com os artigos 104, 118, 135 e 137 da Constituição Política de 1993, com o que se voltaria a um Estado de direito no qual coexistam os contrapesos políticos de forma democrática.

Within the UK pre-registration students of nursing follow one of four fields of practice at the outset of their education: nursing children, adults, people with intellectual disabilities, or people with mental health problems. They then practice in their chosen area of care at the point of initial registration. Apart from Ireland, the UK is the only country to follow this approach: other countries provide a generic pre-registration education. In the UK the intellectual disability nursing community has been concerned about declining numbers (Gates, 2010; U.K. Chief Nursing Officers, 2012; Glover and Emerson, 2012; CfWFI, 2012). This is highly relevant in the UK where there is a complex landscape of service provision for people with intellectual disabilities, with a multiplicity of service providers, making it difficult to locate strategic responsibility for work force planning; yet where epidemiological evidence concerning people with intellectual disabilities points to a need for increasing the numbers of this part of the nursing workforce (Gates, 2011). However, ensuring adequate numbers of education commissions and intellectual disability nurses does not of itself address the context of national concern regarding nursing's ability to deliver safe and compassionate care. And these concerns can be located in a national context. (Francis, 2013) recently identified; 'poor leadership and staffing policies, [and that] a completely inadequate standard of nursing was offered on some wards in Stafford. The complaints heard at both the first inquiry and this one testified not only to inadequate staffing levels, but poor leadership, recruitment and training'; and these issues can be found in all fields of nursing practice. In response to increasing government and public concerns it became necessary to develop a national nursing strategy. This was launched in 2012 and set out the purpose of nurses, midwives and care staff in delivering high quality, compassionate care (DH, 2012). As part of the implementation of the national Compassion into Practice Programme (DH, 2012) work streams were planned for nursing, and this included intellectual disability nursing; Task area 5; 'Ensuring we have the right staff with the right skills in the right place: learning disabilities'. Also the Royal College of Nursing - UK, specifically the RCN intellectual disability forum has since been proactive in developing intellectual disability nursing in the United Kingdom, and has established a position statement on the role of the intellectual disability nurse (RCN,2011; 2014). A national intellectual disability nursing task and finish group [T and F] was established in 2013. This group commissioned a systematic review of relevant literature to inform the implementation of the UK national Compassion into Practice Programme for intellectual disability nursing.

Die Berufseinstiegsbegleitung ist zum 1. April 2012 dauerhaft in das SGB III eingefügt worden. Sie soll den Übergang von förderungsbedürftigen Schülerinnen und Schülern allgemeinbildender Schulen in die Berufsausbildung verbessern. Ein Berufseinstiegsbegleiter unterstützt jeweils bis zu 20 Teilnehmende bei dem Erreichen des Schulabschlusses, der Berufsorientierung und -wahl, der Suche nach einer Ausbildungsstelle und der Stabilisierung des Berufsausbildungsverhältnisses. Das mit der Evaluation der Berufseinstiegsbegleitung beauftragte Forschungskonsortium hat den Zwischenbericht 2013 vorgelegt. Dieser zeigt auf, dass sich von den befragten Teilnehmenden rund 1,5 Jahre nach dem planmäßigen Schulabschluss fast 60% in einer Ausbildung befindet (davon 81,5% betriebliche und 18,5% schulische Berufsausbildungen). Lediglich 12,6% der jungen Erwachsenen absolvieren zu diesem Zeitpunkt eine berufsvorbereitende Maßnahme und etwa ein Zehntel geht noch zur Schule. Die Zwischenergebnisse der Wirkungsanalyse deuten darauf hin, dass die Berufseinstiegsbegleitung einen leicht positiven, wenn auch nicht signifikanten Effekt auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Übergangs in eine Berufsausbildung hat.