Suchergebnisse

"The idea that science is or should be value-free, and that values are or should be formed independently of science, has been under fire by philosophers of science for decades. Science and Moral Imagination directly challenges the idea that science and values cannot and should not influence each other. Matthew J. Brown argues that science and values mutually influence and implicate one another, that the influence of values on science is pervasive and must be responsibly managed, and that science can and should have an influence on our values. This interplay, he explains, must be guided by accounts of scientific inquiry and value judgment that are sensitive to the complexities of their interactions. Brown presents scientific inquiry and value judgment as types of problem-solving practices and provides a new framework for thinking about how we might ethically evaluate episodes and decisions in science, while offering guidance for scientific practitioners and institutions about how they can incorporate value judgments into their work. His framework, dubbed "the ideal of moral imagination," emphasizes the role of imagination in value judgment and the positive role that value judgment plays in science"--

"On the General Science of Mathematics is the third of four surviving works out of ten by Iamblichus ( c . 245 CE?early 320s) on the Pythagoreans. He thought the Pythagoreans had treated mathematics as essential for drawing the human soul upwards to higher realms described by Plato, and downwards to understand the physical cosmos, the products of arts and crafts and the order required for an ethical life. His Pythagorean treatises use edited quotation to re-tell the history of philosophy, presenting Plato and Aristotle as passing on the ideas invented by Pythagoras and his early followers. Although his quotations tend to come instead from Plato and later Pythagoreanising Platonists, this re-interpretation had a huge impact on the Neoplatonist commentators in Athens. Iamblichus' cleverness, if not to the same extent his re-interpretation, was appreciated by the commentators in Alexandria."--

Plenary Papers -- Business Systems -- Complex Systems -- Critical Systems -- Cybernetics -- Educational Systems -- Environmental Systems, Social Systems, and Health Systems -- Information Systems -- Manufacturing Systems -- Strategic is and Systems Methodologies -- Theory and Concepts -- Author Index.

By manipulating stylistic variables in 'information modules', this experimental study demonstrates that science reporting can be 'styled' to maximize its effectiveness.

1.1 Public Perception Problems: The "Crime Scene Investigation Effect"1.2 Scientific Problems with Modern Forensic Science; 2. COURT DECISIONS CONCERNING PRESENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND EXPERT OPINION; 2.1 What Criteria Determine Validity?; 2.2 Objectivity in Forensic Analyses Is of Paramount Importance; 2.3 Repeatability; 2.4 How Is the Forensic Community Responding?; 3. HOW DOES DAUBERT RELATE TO FORENSIC PLANT SCIENCE; 3 -- Sources for Forensic Plant Science Evidence; 1. PLANT ANATOMY; 2. PLANT TAXONOMY; 2.1 Binomial Nomenclature; 2.2 Collection Methods for Taxonomic Evidence

1. Materials (A) -- 1.1 Heat treatment -- 1.2 Materials and testing -- 1.3 Metal fatigue -- 1.4 Safety factor -- 1.5 Shear strain -- 1.6 Punching holes in a material -- 1.7 Bending and torsion -- Exercises -- 2. Engine indicator diagrams (B2) -- 2.1 Engine indicators -- 2.2 Converting an indicator diagram -- 2.3 Interpretation of indicator diagrams -- 3. Combustion processes (B3) -- 3.1 Specific heat capacity of a gas -- 3.2 Expansion and compression of gases -- 3.3 Engine temperature and pressure calculations -- 3.4 Efficiency of an engine -- 3.5 General comparison between petrol and compression ignition engines -- 3.6 Octane rating -- 3.7 Cetane number and diesel index -- 3.8 Detonation -- 3.9 Fuel additives -- 3.10 Volumetric efficiency -- Exercises -- 4. Air-fuel ratios and exhaust products (B4) -- 4.1 Air-fuel ratios: petrol engine -- 4.2 Air-fuel ratios: CI oil engine -- 4.3 Determination of air-fuel ratios -- 4.4 Mixture strength and side effects -- 4.5 Air-fuel ratio and power output -- 4.6 Combustion calculations -- 4.7 Consumption loop or hook curve -- Exercises -- 5. Archimedes' Principle (B5) -- 5.1 Hydrostatics and hydraulics -- 5.2 Archimedes' principle -- 5.3 Floating bodies -- Exercises -- 6. Fluids and energy (B6) -- 6.1 Pressure -- 6.2 The manometer -- 6.3 Energy of liquids -- 6.4 Bernoulli's law -- 6.5 Quantity flow -- 6.6 The Venturi unit -- 6.7 Actual flow of liquids through an orifice -- 6.8 Gas velocities -- Exercises -- 7. Hydraulic mechanisms and machines (B7) -- 7.1 Hydraulic machines -- 7.2 Hydraulic intensifier -- 7.3 Hydraulic brakes -- 7.4 The law of a machine -- Exercises -- 8. Variable torque, force and work done (C8) -- 8.1 Variable torque -- 8.2 Work done -- 8.3 Couples -- Exercises -- 9. Angular motion (C9) -- 9.1 Angular velocity and angular acceleration -- 9.2 Power -- Exercises -- 10. Inertia force, mass and acceleration (C10) -- 10.1 Mass -- 10.2 Newton's first and second laws of motion -- 10.3 Momentum -- 10.4 Braking efficiency and stopping distance -- 10.5 Newton's third law of motion -- Exercises -- 11. Potential and kinetic energy (C11) -- 11.1 Potential energy -- 11.2 Kinetic energy -- 11.3 Conservation of energy -- 11.4 Conservation of momentum -- 11.5 Energy loss when bodies collide -- 11.6 Moment of inertia -- 11.7 Kinetic energy of a rotating body -- 11.8 Radius of gyration -- Exercises -- 12. Tractive effort and tractive resistance (C12) -- 12.1 Tractive effort -- 12.2 Tractive resistance -- 12.3 Undergeared and overgeared vehicles -- 12.4 Engine characteristics and gear ratios -- 12.5 Constant power and tractive-effort/road-speed curves -- 12.6 Data and methods for setting final drive and gearbox ratios -- Exercises -- 13. Centripetal force and balancing (C13) -- 13.1 Centripetal acceleration -- 13.2 Centripetal and centrifugal force -- 13.3 Balancing of rotating masses -- 13.4 Piston movement and inertia -- 13.5 Engine balance -- Exercises -- 14. Stability of vehicles in curved paths (C14) -- 14.1 Vehicle on curved level road -- 14.2 Vehicle on curved banked track -- 14.3 Vehicle on a reversed banked track -- 14.4 Arched or hump-back bridges -- 14.5 Road dip or depression -- Exercises -- 15. Transference of wheel loading (C15) -- 15.1 Vehicle weight transfer: retardation -- 15.2 Vehicle weight transfer: acceleration -- 15.3 Maximum possible acceleration: level road -- 15.4 Transferred weight: vehicle in curved path -- Exercises -- 16. Simple harmonic motion (C16) -- 16.1 The conical pendulum -- 16.2 The Watt centrifugal governor -- 16.3 The simple pendulum -- Exercises -- 17. Relative velocity (C17) -- 17.1 Definition and diagrams -- 17.2 Angular velocity of a link or lever -- 17.3 Relative velocity of points on a wheel -- Exercises -- Answers to Exercises.

1 Introduction to instrumental methods of analysis -- 1.1 Precision and accuracy -- 1.2 Speed of analysis -- 1.3 Cost -- 1.4 Safety -- 1.5 Automation -- Recommended general texts -- 2 Liquid chromatography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory of liquid chromatography -- 2.3 Modes of chromatography -- 2.4 Chromatographic techniques -- 2.5 Sample preparation -- References -- 3 Gas chromatography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Principles -- 3.3 The chromatographic system -- 3.4 GLC columns -- 3.5 Principles of separation -- 3.6 Stationary phases -- 3.7 Gas—solid chromatography -- 3.8 Detectors -- 3.9 Sample preparation -- 3.10 Quantification -- References -- 4 Electrophoresis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of pH on charge -- 4.3 Techniques of electrophoresis -- 4.4 Isotachophoresis -- References -- 5 Introduction to spectroscopy -- 5.1 Spectroscopy -- 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum -- 5.3 Molecular energy states -- 5.4 Molecular transitions -- 5.5 Quantitative analysis -- 5.6 Determination of a spectrum -- Further reading -- 6 UV—visible spectrophotometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electronic energy levels -- 6.3 Electronic transitions -- 6.4 Qualitative analysis -- 6.5 Quantitative analysis -- 6.6 Calibration of spectrophotometers -- 6.7 Sample presentation -- 6.8 Difference spectrophotometry -- 6.9 Spectrophotometric titrations -- 6.10 Derivative spectrophotometry -- 6.11 Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry -- 6.12 Spectrophotometers and colorimeters -- 6.13 Turbidimetry and nephelometry -- 6.14 Colour and gloss of solid samples -- References -- 7 Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fluorophores -- 7.3 Excitation and emission spectra -- 7.4 Quantitative measurements -- 7.5 Factors affecting fluorescence spectra -- 7.6 Instruments for fluorescence studies -- 7.7 Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometry -- References -- 8 Infrared spectroscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Molecular vibrations -- 8.3 Qualitative analysis -- 8.4 Quantitative analysis -- 8.5 Instrumentation -- 8.7 Attenuated total reflectance -- 8.8 Near-infrared reflectance analysis -- References -- 9 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Principles -- 9.3 Pulse NMR spectrometer -- 9.4 Chemical shifts -- 9.5 Spin—spin coupling -- 9.6 Integration -- 9.7 Further techniques for elucidation of NMR spectra -- 9.8 Wide-line NMR -- 9.9 In-vivo NMR -- References -- 10 Electron spin resonance -- 10.1 Principles -- 10.2 ESR spectra -- 10.3 ESR spectrometer -- 10.4 Sample preparation -- 10.5 Spin labelling -- 10.6 Quantitative analysis -- References -- 11 Flame techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Flame emission spectrometry (FES) -- 11.3 Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) -- 11.4 Applications -- References -- 12 Mass spectrometry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mass spectrometer -- 12.3 Analysis of mixtures -- 12.4 Determination of molecular structures -- References -- 13 Electrochemical techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Conductivity of solutions -- 13.3 Voltammetry -- 13.4 Potentiometric measurements -- References.