Suchergebnisse

Post Independent India adopted democracy patterned on the British parliamentary system based on universal adult franchise. That India is a practicing democracy is one of its major achievements. However, one must not be oblivious to the incompleteness of this democratic enterprise, as women who constitute nearly half of the population occupy less than 10% of parliamentary seats. In 1971, a committee on the Status of Women was appointed to dissect the position of women. The report of the committee, entitled Towards Equality published in 1974, concluded that women's impact in politics is marginal even though numerically they are the single largest minority. The committee proposed that each political party set a quota for women candidates as a remedial measure. As a transitional measure, it recommended a Constitutional amendment for reserving seats for women in municipal councils & panchayats, & that was done by the 73rd & 74th amendments in 1992. However, at the national level the Women Reservation Bill continues to be mired in controversy & inaction. References. Adapted from the source document.

Although in practice Norway has been a parliamentary democracy since 1884 its political institutions differ in a number of ways from the typical parliamentary model. Among its peculiar features is a lack of parliamentary dissolution powers & a set of informal & permissive cabinet formation rules which have contributed to Norway's high & increasing frequency of minority governments. This article explores the distinctive features of the democratic chain of delegation & accountability, from voters to ultimate policy-makers, in Norway. It focuses on three increasingly problematic aspects of this chain of delegation: (1) the growing constraints on popular sovereignty due to judicialisation & Europeanisation, (2) the declining importance of parties as vehicles of democratic delegation, & (3) most specifically the Norwegian inclination towards minority government & its consequences. The increasingly fragile minority governments since the 1980s have complicated prospective as well as retrospective accountability in Norway. 3 Tables, 5 Figures, 53 References. Adapted from the source document.

Der Verfasser analysiert die Auswirkungen der finanziellen Globalisierung auf Corporate Governance-Systeme. Während Shareholder-Systeme vom Druck der Globalisierung kaum betroffen sind, sehen sich vor allem Stakeholder-Systeme einem Anpassungsdruck ausgesetzt, da hier nicht-marktliche Formen der Koordinierung dominieren. Aus Sicht der Konvergenztheorie ist daher eine Transformation der Stakeholder-Systeme in Shareholder-Systeme wahrscheinlich, während Anhänger der Hybridisierungsthese eher eine Kombination von Elementen aus beiden Systemen erwarten. Aus Sicht des "varieties of capitalism"-Ansatzes werden die Corporate Governance-Systeme stabil und die Unterschiede zwischen ihnen bestehen bleiben. (ICEÜbers)

The lack of a coherent security paradigm capable of explaining the concerns of both traditional & 'new' security is evident from the US-led occupation of Iraq. Security is the critical element in Iraq's reconstruction, & understanding the multiple meanings & relationships through which it is exercised is essential for empirical & analytical reasons, yet policy is flawed & the debate remains polarized. Thus Washington assumes that conventional security can be provided -- & US power employed -- independently of the relationship in which it is to be exercised, whereas Iraqi concerns focus on security at the level of the individual. The result can be seen in the paradigmatic examples of coalition operations in Basra in 2003 & Falluja in 2004. This article suggests that the interaction between coalition authorities & Iraqis, &, by extension, conventional & new forms of security, is best understood in terms of power relations; a comprehensive understanding of security must incorporate a relational dimension. References. Adapted from the source document.