For more than 40 years Eastern European culture came under the sway of Soviet rule. What is the legacy of this period for cultural attitudes to the environment and the contemporary battle to confront climate change? This is the first in-depth study of the legacy of the Soviet era on attitudes to the environment in countries such as Poland, Hungary and Ukraine. Exploring responses in literature, culture and film to political projects such as the collectivisation of agricultural land, the expansion of the mining industry and disasters such as the Chernobyl explosion, Anna Barcz opens up new understandings of local political traditions and examines how they might be harnessed in the cause of contemporary environmental activism. The book covers works by writers such as Christa Wolf, the Nobel Prize winner Svetlana Alexievich and film-makers such as Béla Tarr, Andrzej Wajda and Wladyslaw Pasikowski.
This fascinating and unique study of essential utilities in the early modern period will interest business historians and historians of science and technology alike.
Influential members of the disarmament community have in recent years maintained that further progress towards the international community's nominally shared goal of a world without nuclear weapons depends on recapturing the spirit and practices of cooperation that prevailed in the late 1980s and 1990s. Proponents of abolition, in this view, should focus their efforts on revitalizing the tried and tested arms control formula that was implemented following the end of the Cold War. In this article, I argue that this call to make disarmament great again reflects unwarranted nostalgia for a past that never was, fostering overconfidence in established approaches to the elimination of nuclear weapons. Far from putting the world on course to nuclear abolition, the end of the Cold War saw the legitimation of nuclear weapons as a hedge against 'future uncertainties' and entrenchment of the power structures that sustain the retention of nuclear armouries. By overselling past progress towards the elimination of nuclear arms, the nostalgic narrative of a lost abolitionist consensus is used to rationalize the existing nuclear order and delegitimize the pursuit of new approaches to elimination such as the movement to stigmatize nuclear weapons and the practice of nuclear deterrence.
With an economy and population that dwarf most industrialized nations, China is emerging as a twenty-first-century global superpower. Even though China is an international leader in modern business and technology, its ancient history exerts a powerful force on its foreign policy. In The Mind of Empire: China's History and Modern Foreign Relations, Christopher A. Ford expertly traces China's self-image and its role in the world order from the age of Confucius to today. Ford argues that despite its exposure to and experience of the modern world, China is still strongly influenced by a hierarchic
"The way a society deals with hair speaks volumes about its structures, its wealth, and its values." "This book contains articles written by the Paris hairstylist Emile Long between December 1910 and December 1920 for an English trade journal. Long's purpose in writing was to keep English coiffeurs informed about the goings-on in the world of fashion and hairdressing in France, and especially in Paris. In doing so he has provided us with a personal cultural history of the world's most fashionable city in a period that stretches from the end of the Belle Epoque, through the First World War, and into the opening year of the Roaring Twenties." "Students and scholars of history, fashion and French society will enjoy these rich and revealing accounts of what hair means to identity and culture."--Jacket
Die vorliegende Masterarbeit versucht, zwei zeitnahe Kriegsverbrecherprozesse die Nürnberger Prozesse und die Tokioter Prozesse translationshistorisch zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden zu Beginn der Arbeit sowohl ein historischer Grundriss gezeichnet als auch translationsrelevante Begrifflichkeiten wie Translationsethik, Translationskultur, Kompetenzen, Normen und Rollen diskutiert und die Translationsgeschichte und ihre mögliche Methodik präsentiert. Für die anschließende Studie wurden insgesamt 16 Werke (translatorische, historische und (auto-) biographische) einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring unterzogen, wobei der Vergleich zwischen den beiden Prozessen anhand einzelner theoriegeleiteter Kategorien herausgearbeitet wurde. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Prozesse neben gewissen Ähnlichkeiten auch bedeutsame Unterschiede aufwiesen, wie beispielsweise den Einsatz der DolmetscherInnen. Während in Nürnberg DolmetscherInnen unterschiedlicher Herkunft und unterschiedlichen Geschlechts rekrutiert wurden, wurden in Japan lediglich männliche Japaner als Dolmetscher angestellt. Ein weiterer wichtiger Unterschied, der im Zuge der Inhaltsanalyse aufgezeigt werden konnte, bestand in der Rolle der DolmetscherInnen: Hier konnte festgestellt werden, dass die japanischen Dolmetscher einem größeren Misstrauen ausgesetzt waren und gleichzeitig auch weniger Anerkennung für ihre translatorischen Leistungen bekamen als ihre Nürnberger KollegInnen. Ein wichtiger historischer Umstand, der sich teilweise auch stark auf die DolmetscherInnen und ihr Handeln auswirkte, war das politische Regime, unter welchem die TranslatorInnen in den Prozessen wirkten. Besonders deutlich konnte dies bei den Tokioter Prozessen und bei den russischen DolmetscherInnen gezeigt werden. Die Hypothese, wonach sich diese beiden zeitnahen Kriegsverbrecherprozesse durch den soziokulturellen Hintergrund, in dem sie sich abspielten, unterschieden, konnte dadurch bestätigt werden. ; This master thesis compares two war crimes trials that took place nearly at the same time: The Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. The thesis gives an overview of the historical background of the trials and discusses important termini of Translation Studies such as Ethics of Translation, Translation Culture, competences, norms and rolls and also gives an overview about Translation History and its possible methodology. For the case study 16 different publications from different points of view, including History, Translation Studies, Biographies and Autobiographies, were chosen. For the analysis of these books, a qualitative content analysis was conducted taking Mayrings model. The comparison that took place within the thesis was guided by different categories that were conducted by the theory. The study demonstrated that the processes not only showed similarities but also some important contradictions. There was a major difference in the recruiting of the interpreters, for example. In Nuremberg they came from different countries and men as well as women have been employed. In Tokyo they were only Japanese male. Another important difference was the role of the interpreters: At the Tokyo Trial they were much more mistrusted and less appreciated as their respective colleagues in Nuremberg. From the historical point of view, the thesis showed that the regime had much influence on the work and behavior of the interpreters. Especially at the Tokyo Trial and in case of the Russian interpreters. The hypothesis, that the two trials, although evolving at the same time, differed because of their socio cultural background, was therefore confirmed. ; vorgelegt von Lisa Hösele, BA ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Masterarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2020 21.626 ; Enthält Zusammenfassungen auf Deutsch und Englisch
Post-Traumatic Realism: Representations of History in Recent Irish NovelsThe aim of my essay is to describe major tendencies in contemporary Irish prose writing concerned with historical and political issues. The diversity of the themes and attitudes to the past necessitates a classification of the writings into several various groups of novels whereas my analysis of the modes of representing the intratextual universe paves the way for identifying a single literary convention (post-traumatic realism) which is typical of the works under discussion. Many of the quoted authors subscribe to historical revisionism which undermines the received historical narrative in Ireland and questions its aggressively nationalist model of patriotism. The novels by Sebastian Barry, Robert McLiam Wilson, Edna O'Brien or Julia O'Faolain, to name just a few, contest that model by demonstrating that it leads to violence, cultural stagnation and petrifying political divisions both in the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland. In the age of the epistemological levelling of historiographic discourse and literary fiction the novels discussed in the essay meaningfully contribute to the debate over the Irish nation's attitude to their own history and the need to conclude the painful chapters of the past connected with the Civil War as well as with the social and religious conflicts of the twentieth century. Realizm posttraumatyczny. Sposoby przedstawiania historii we współczesnych powieściach irlandzkich Celem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie głównych tendencji we współczesnej prozie irlandzkiej podejmującej tematykę historyczną i polityczną. Różnorodność tematów i postaw wobec przeszłości zmusza do wyodrębnienia co najmniej kilku odmiennych grup powieści, natomiast analiza sposobów prezentacji universum wewnątrztekstowego pozwala pokusić się o określenie jednej typowej konwencji literackiej, jaką w przypadku omawianych utworów jest realizm posttraumatyczny. Wielu z przytaczanych autorów wpisuje się także w nurt rewizjonizmu historycznego, który podważa zastaną narrację historyczną i obiegowy, nacechowany agresywnym nacjonalizmem model patriotyzmu. Powieści Sebastiana Barry'ego, Roberta McLiama Wilsona, Edny O'Brien czy Julii O'Faolain kontestują ów model, ukazując, że prowadzi on do przemocy, utrwalania podziałów politycznych i stagnacji kulturowej zarówno w Republice Irlandii, jak i w Irlandii Północnej. W dobie epistemologicznego równouprawnienia dyskursu historiograficznego i fikcji literackiej omawiane w artykule powieści konstruktywnie wpisują się w dyskusję nad stosunkiem narodu irlandzkiego do swojej historii, nad koniecznością zamknięcia raz na zawsze bolesnych rozdziałów związanych z wojną domową początku lat dwudziestych XX wieku i konfliktami na tle społecznym oraz religijnym.
The article traces the development of Hungarian intellectual history of the early modern period from the emergence of the national romantic constructions of literary history to the recent turn towards contextualist and conceptual history. One of its main findings is the ideological importance of this period for the formation of the national canon, as it became a central point of reference for the emerging local methodological tradition of intellectual history, even if it was often compartamentalized under other categories. From this perspective, the article puts particular emphasis on ideological constructions seeking to define the nation and depict the emergence of modern national identity. This finding also offers a vantage point for analyzing the interplay between literary history and the socio-culturally focused approaches, which can be considered the main framework for the developments of the last two decades, when these local historiographical traditions entered into an interesting dialogue with the Western European and American schools of intellectual history. Along these lines, while pointing out the discursive continuities with the previous paradigms, which are shaping even the contemporary historiographical production, the article also ponders the ways in which the inherited (post-)romantic constructions can be successfully challenged. Adapted from the source document.
"Asylum on the Hill is the story of a great American experiment in psychiatry, a revolution in care for those with mental illness, as seen through the example of the Athens Lunatic Asylum. Built in Southeast Ohio after the Civil War, the asylum embodied the nineteenth-century "gold standard" specifications of moral treatment. Stories of patients and their families, politicians, caregivers, and community illustrate how a village in the coalfields of the Hocking River Valley responded to a national impulse to provide compassionate care based on a curative landscape, exposure to the arts, outdoor exercise, useful occupation, and personal attention from a physician. Although ultimately doomed by overcrowding and overshadowed by the rise of new models of psychiatry, for twenty years the therapeutic community at Athens pursued moral treatment therapy with energy and optimism. Ziff's fresh presentation of America's nineteenth-century asylum movement shows how the Athens Lunatic Asylum accommodated political, economic, community, family, and individual needs and left an architectural legacy that has been uniquely renovated and repurposed"--Provided by publisher
It is an unusual and memorable privilege to address so international a gathering here in North Carolina on the Fourth of July. American nationalism in recent times has not been very broad-minded, and I'm envious of a society that can attract so many participants from all over the world. But the issue of cosmopolitanism and parochialism pertains to academic discipline as well as to nationality. Historians and economists do not always understand one another very well, and while economists are able to bring in bigger incomes and to maintain a higher public profile, historians maintain a certain authority in regard to scholarly writing about the past. Practitioners of history of economics have often been upbraided for failing to write "real" history, and I have been known to write in this vein. At least I am among those who have tried to persuade members of this society of the merits of history, history of science, and science studies as models for writing history of economics. At the same time I have been seduced by the fascination of this field to devote much of my own research to it, and in these efforts I have come to admire and to draw inspiration from what is distinctive in historical writing on economics, as well as what seems most familiar from the standpoint of the historical discipline.
