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The objective is to calculate the value of the green industrial PIB of a foundry in the territory of Santa Catarina and to contextualize its importance as a new methodological tool. To legitimize the objective of this study, the green GDP equation is equal to the Gross Sales Revenue (Industrial GDP) - (Depletion of Water Resources + Cost of Environmental Degradation). In this context, the depletion of natural resources corresponds to the total value of the extraction of water resources, and the cost of sectoral environmental degradation is given through the proxies of the methodology of the Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) applied directly to the industrial product sector. estimate of the cost of the industrial sector studied here. Methodologically, it is an exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, bibliographic, documentary and ex post facto study. As a result, the green GDP of the foundry was lower than the industrial GDP in all the surveyed years. It is noticed that the industrial economic activity of the foundry, within these parameters of analysis, signals a loss of future sustainability, taking into account the years investigated. Therefore, in order for this particular industry to reverse this scenario, investments in technologies are necessary, in order to minimize the consumption of natural resources and consequently maximize its green GDP.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar, a luz das teorias de Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE) e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS), se as ações de RSE divulgadas pelas indústrias de Blumenau, em Santa Catarina, atendem aos pressupostos teóricos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Como recorte se tomou as indústrias com mais de 500 funcionários, listadas no Guia Fiesc/2015, com unidades no Município de Blumenau/SC. A metodologia utilizada teve por base a pesquisa bibliográfica para a compreensão dos conceitos e pressupostos teóricos e a pesquisa exploratória como suporte na busca das informações sobre as práticas de RSE divulgadas nos sites das empresas analisadas. A partir da análise e conexões feitas entre a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa das ações publicadas pelas empresas em suas páginas web percebe-se que a maioria das indústrias blumenauense divulga sutilmente suas informações de cunho socioambiental. Das onze empresas pesquisadas, apenas três apresentam informações mais detalhadas sobre tais práticas. Entre as ações apresentadas pelas empresas, em sua maioria se encontram as de cunho compulsório, ou seja, obrigadas por lei. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a indústria de Blumenau tem um longo trajeto a ser percorrido na prática de ações que tragam resultados efetivos em prol do Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

Funder: Public Health Agency of Canada ; Funder: Government of Norway ; BACKGROUND: In July, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) commenced work to update the 2010 Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health and established a Guideline Development Group (GDG) comprising expert public health scientists and practitioners to inform the drafting of the 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior. The overall task of the GDG was to review the scientific evidence and provide expert advice to the WHO on the amount of physical activity and sedentary behavior associated with optimal health in children and adolescents, adults, older adults (> 64 years), and also specifically in pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disabilities. METHODS: The GDG reviewed the available evidence specific to each sub-population using systematic protocols and in doing so, identified a number of gaps in the existing literature. These proposed research gaps were discussed and verified by expert consensus among the entire GDG. RESULTS: Evidence gaps across population sub-groups included a lack of information on: 1) the precise shape of the dose-response curve between physical activity and/or sedentary behavior and several of the health outcomes studied; 2) the health benefits of light-intensity physical activity and of breaking up sedentary time with light-intensity activity; 3) differences in the health effects of different types and domains of physical activity (leisure-time; occupational; transportation; household; education) and of sedentary behavior (occupational; screen time; television viewing); and 4) the joint association between physical activity and sedentary time with health outcomes across the life course. In addition, we acknowledge the need to conduct more population-based studies in low- and middle-income countries and in people living with disabilities and/or chronic disease, and to identify how various sociodemographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status) modify the health effects of physical activity, in order to address global health disparities. CONCLUSIONS: Although the 2020 WHO Guidelines for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior were informed by the most up-to-date research on the health effects of physical activity and sedentary time, there is still substantial work to be done in advancing the global physical activity agenda.

Funder: The Public Health Agency of Canada and the Government of Norway provided financial support, without which this work could not have been completed ; Objectives: To describe new WHO 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Methods: The guidelines were developed in accordance with WHO protocols. An expert Guideline Development Group reviewed evidence to assess associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour for an agreed set of health outcomes and population groups. The assessment used and systematically updated recent relevant systematic reviews; new primary reviews addressed additional health outcomes or subpopulations. Results: The new guidelines address children, adolescents, adults, older adults and include new specific recommendations for pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disability. All adults should undertake 150–300 min of moderate-intensity, or 75–150 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or some equivalent combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, per week. Among children and adolescents, an average of 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity across the week provides health benefits. The guidelines recommend regular muscle-strengthening activity for all age groups. Additionally, reducing sedentary behaviours is recommended across all age groups and abilities, although evidence was insufficient to quantify a sedentary behaviour threshold. Conclusion: These 2020 WHO guidelines update previous WHO recommendations released in 2010. They reaffirm messages that some physical activity is better than none, that more physical activity is better for optimal health outcomes and provide a new recommendation on reducing sedentary behaviours. These guidelines highlight the importance of regularly undertaking both aerobic and muscle strengthening activities and for the first time, there are specific recommendations for specific populations including for pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disability. These guidelines should be used to inform national health policies aligned with the WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 and to strengthen surveillance systems that track progress towards national and global targets.

Funder: The Public Health Agency of Canada and the Government of Norway provided financial support, without which this work could not have been completed ; OBJECTIVES: To describe new WHO 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. METHODS: The guidelines were developed in accordance with WHO protocols. An expert Guideline Development Group reviewed evidence to assess associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour for an agreed set of health outcomes and population groups. The assessment used and systematically updated recent relevant systematic reviews; new primary reviews addressed additional health outcomes or subpopulations. RESULTS: The new guidelines address children, adolescents, adults, older adults and include new specific recommendations for pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disability. All adults should undertake 150-300 min of moderate-intensity, or 75-150 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or some equivalent combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, per week. Among children and adolescents, an average of 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity across the week provides health benefits. The guidelines recommend regular muscle-strengthening activity for all age groups. Additionally, reducing sedentary behaviours is recommended across all age groups and abilities, although evidence was insufficient to quantify a sedentary behaviour threshold. CONCLUSION: These 2020 WHO guidelines update previous WHO recommendations released in 2010. They reaffirm messages that some physical activity is better than none, that more physical activity is better for optimal health outcomes and provide a new recommendation on reducing sedentary behaviours. These guidelines highlight the importance of regularly undertaking both aerobic and muscle strengthening activities and for the first time, there are specific recommendations for specific populations including for pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disability. These guidelines should be used to inform national health policies aligned with the WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 and to strengthen surveillance systems that track progress towards national and global targets.

Funder: PAL Technologies ; Funder: Public Health Agency of Canada; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011094 ; Funder: Government of Norway ; BACKGROUND: In 2018, the World Health Organisation (WHO) commenced a program of work to update the 2010 Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, for the first-time providing population-based guidelines on sedentary behaviour. This paper briefly summarizes and highlights the scientific evidence behind the new sedentary behaviour guidelines for all adults and discusses its strengths and limitations, including evidence gaps/research needs and potential implications for public health practice. METHODS: An overview of the scope and methods used to update the evidence is provided, along with quality assessment and grading methods for the eligible new systematic reviews. The literature search update was conducted for WHO by an external team and reviewers used the AMSTAR 2 (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews) tool for critical appraisal of the systematic reviews under consideration for inclusion. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method was used to rate the certainty (i.e. very low to high) of the evidence. RESULTS: The updated systematic review identified 22 new reviews published from 2017 up to August 2019, 14 of which were incorporated into the final evidence profiles. Overall, there was moderate certainty evidence that higher amounts of sedentary behaviour increase the risk for all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality, as well as incidence of CVD, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. However, evidence was deemed insufficient at present to set quantified (time-based) recommendations for sedentary time. Moderate certainty evidence also showed that associations between sedentary behaviour and all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality vary by level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), which underpinned additional guidance around MVPA in the context of high sedentary time. Finally, there was insufficient or low-certainty systematic review evidence on the type or domain of sedentary behaviour, or the frequency and/or duration of bouts or breaks in sedentary behaviour, to make specific recommendations for the health outcomes examined. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO 2020 guidelines are based on the latest evidence on sedentary behaviour and health, along with interactions between sedentary behaviour and MVPA, and support implementing public health programmes and policies aimed at increasing MVPA and limiting sedentary behaviour. Important evidence gaps and research opportunities are identified.

Wie gelingt es Rechtsextremen heute, in die Mitte der Gesellschaft hineinzuwirken? Ein zentrales Element sind digitale Hasskampagnen: Kampagnen, die - ausgehend von einem bestimmten Ereignis - unter dem Deckmantel der Empörung gezielt Hass verbreiten, Menschen einschüchtern und den öffentlichen Diskurs nach rechts verschieben sollen. Der sensible Umgang der Medienschaffenden mit solchen Kampagnen ist ein Schlüssel, um die Wirkmacht der Rechten einzugrenzen und Menschen zu schützen, die in die Schusslinie geraten.

Security in the Western Balkans has recently deteriorated due to heightened geopolitical tensions, EU enlargement fatigue and democratic backsliding. Despite some positive developments, Bosnia and Herzegovina remains unstable, and the Belgrade/Pristina dialogue is still deadlocked. In addition, all Western Balkan states have increased their defence budgets and have engaged in military modernization. At the same time, policymakers and the media in the region often evoke the spectre of military competition and an arms race. This Policy Brief shows that, although the letter of the Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control signed in Florence in 1996 is still being complied with, these developments have already eroded trust in the region. If allowed to unfold, they could lead to further escalation in the future.

Extremistische Akteur*innen nutzen das Internet und seine technologischen Neuerungen und Trends, um geschickt eine Art Ökosystem aufzubauen, Netzwerke auszuweiten und eigene Deutungsangebote zu unterbreiten. Angesichts der Propaganda und digitalen Mobilisierungsstrategien extrem rechter Akteur*innen im Internet ist eine digitale Antwort unerlässlich. Doch um extrem rechter Propaganda wirksam entgegentreten zu können, muss zunächst verstanden werden, wie sie funktioniert.

The UNSC is the only institution with a mandate to maintain international peace and security. Since its creation, it has primarily adopted a traditional defensive, reactive understanding of security focused on violent conflict, war and military activity. While the UNSC has dealt with broader security topics (e.g. human security and the "Responsibility to Protect") and included climate change's adverse impacts on stability in resolutions and mandates for field missions, official recognition of the multiple connections between climate change and other larger socio-ecological phenomena remains overdue despite several initiatives to address climate change in the UNSC since 2007.

Die sozialen Medien stehen zunehmend in der Kritik, durch ihre Funktionsweise die gesellschaftliche Polarisierung voranzutreiben. Immer deutlicher wird dabei, dass die Zivilgesellschaft Hass und Falschmeldungen nur begrenzt mit digitaler Gegenrede entgegenwirken kann. Zugleich schwindet in der Politik die Geduld, dass die Tech-Unternehmen eine Selbstregulation umsetzen, mit der die Räume für extremistische Propaganda geschlossen werden. Zunehmend stellt sich daher die Frage: Wie könnte eine politische Regulierung der sozialen Medien aussehen?

Die multilaterale Rüstungskontrolle steht vor der grundlegenden Herausforderung, dass Russland und die USA sich von solchen Regimen ab- und sogar gegen sie wenden. Auf den Fortgang bilateraler Rüstungskontrolle können Europäer naturgemäß wenig Einfluss nehmen. Bei vielen multilateralen Abkommen aber sitzen Europäer mit am Tisch und sie haben am Erhalt dieser Regime meist ein originäres Eigeninteresse.

Während die Rüstungskontrollregime der 1990er Jahre zerfallen, steigt gleichzeitig das Risiko einer militärischen Eskalation, insbesondere in den Kontaktzonen zwischen der NATO und Russland. Dieser Beitrag beruht auf dem RISK-Report, der davon ausgeht, dass die NATO-Staaten und Russland in den vergangenen Jahren zu einer Politik wechselseitiger Abschreckung zurückgekehrt sind. Damit wurden die Ansätze kooperativer Sicherheitspolitik begraben, die Europa bis in die 2000er Jahre hinein mehr militärische Stabilität beschert und erhebliche Kosten erspart hatten.

Die Bekämpfung von Internet-Kriminalität und die Abwehr von Spionage sowie militärischen Angriffen aus dem Netz erfordern technisches Know-how, rechtliche Befugnisse und eine gezielte Zusammenarbeit der staatlichen Organe. Die neu geschaffene Agentur für Innovation in der Cybersicherheit soll hier künftig eine zentrale Rolle spielen: Sie soll für die Nachrichtendienste und die Bundeswehr Schlüsseltechnologien im Cyberspace entwickeln und fördern. Allerdings wirft sie auch Fragen auf, etwa nach den Grenzen innerer und äußerer Sicherheit, parlamentarischen Kontrollmöglichkeiten und der Koordination einzelner Initiativen zur Sicherheit im Cyberraum.