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A causa della crisi sanitaria globale provocata dall'epidemia da COVID-19, per quasi due anni abbiamo vissuto in uno stato d'emergenza sociopolitica accompagnato da restrizioni alla mobilità, nuove norme igieniche e distanziamento sociale. Il regime di lockdown ha imposto per vari mesi, nella maggior parte dei paesi del mondo, la chiusura delle scuole e delle Università (e l'impiego di dispositivi di didattica a distanza e continuità degli insegnamenti). Il prezzo da pagare è stato particolarmente alto: i ricercatori dell'Organizzazione per la cooperazione e lo sviluppo economico hanno stimato che, durante i primi 9 mesi di crisi sanitaria (marzo-dicembre 2020) avevamo già perso più di 200 milioni d'anni d'apprendimento (Hanuschek e Woessmann, 2020). Il mondo dell'educazione ne ha profondamente sofferto e un nuovo programma di ricerche si è rapidamente sviluppato, volto questa volta a comprendere le dinamiche educative in tale nuovo contesto così come l'impatto che ha avuto la pandemia sulla salute mentale della comunità educativa.
È questa, dunque, la ragione del redux nel titolo di questo contributo. Così come i reduci tornano dal fronte, con queste pagine vorrei tornare su un tema che ho già avuto l'opportunità di introdurre per riproporlo alla luce degli interrogativi posti dalla crisi sanitaria (un vero e proprio campo di battaglia). L'obiettivo è di sintetizzare alcune considerazioni riguardo i più recenti sviluppi del dialogo che intrattengono le scienze umane e sociali e le neuroscienze al fine di riesaminare la logica soggiacente alle ricerche in ambito educativo e proporre nuovi scenari.

The intention of this study based on analysis of the series of European Value Study (1990, 1999, 2009 and 2018) is to investigate, using a comparative, diachronic approach, the relationship between modernization and the gender gap in religiosity in Italy. In line with the theoretical perspective which valorizes the role of culture in explaining this relationship, our hypothesis is that the most modernized areas demonstrate a more contained gender gap. We expect that differences of religiosity between men and women are more contained in the country's north-central zones - characterized by higher levels of modernization - compared with the south. Furthermore, since the distance between the levels of modernization in the two areas has not increased noticeably over the last three decades, we could be forgiven for expecting that the difference between them in the religious field would not reveal important changes. To our surprise, the findings of the analyses offer but limited support to our hypothesis.

The purpose of this contribution is to study the importance of values and the intergenerational transmission from the point of view of the z generation. Through the Evs2018 data and a case study that involved 716 subjects between the ages of 20-25 years, we have analyzed the values considered most important by young people, those believed to be inherited from parents, the knowledge of their family history and intergenerational solidarity. An in-depth study was also carried out in relation to the values that became most important for young people during the Covid19 health emergency. The main results have highlighted some aspects of continuity and specificity between the different generations and confirmed the importance of the gender dimension in the intergenerational transmission processes.

We use EVS-WVS data to test our hypothesis about the contextual dependence of cohesion in Europe. In particular, we apply Bayesian Networks to describe the emergence of Social Cohesion in different welfare models. The creation of different networks for each Welfare model aims at demonstrating that a different way to manage Social Policies creates different paths of Social Cohesion. Political participations, civil engagement and positive social ties are fundamental dimensions, producing Social Capital, while social cohesion requires further dimensions too, as the presence of structural dynamics (equity, granted public services) and the increase in satisfaction. The mechanisms detected are similar enough from different areas, with interesting specificities for Mediterranean, Social-Democratic and Post-communist models.

Since 2008, European societies have experienced multiple and prolonged crises, the negative effects of which have mainly impacted young people. Based on data from three waves of the European Values Study (1999, 2008, 2017) this essay analyses whether, among these effects, there is a deterioration of "cosmopolitan openness" in young people in terms of attitude and sense of belonging. Proceeding from a perspective of "social cosmopolitanism" along two lines of inquiry, the essay first analyses whether and how the crises have altered young people's attitudes of openness and sense of belonging, and if such effects differ between European countries. The second line of inquiry explores the link between these two dimensions of cosmopolitan openness and the characteristics of the young people, with particular attention to the Italian case. The research reveals the presence of internal fractures within this segment of the population with regard to young people's ways of relating to diversity and negotiating belonging, which schisms recent crises are found to have further strengthened.

This contribution deals with Kiezdeutsch, a form of youth slang spoken in multilingual and multi-ethnic urban settings in Germany. Based on three works by German scholars published in the past few years the linguistic features of Kiezdeutsch are described and the issues of its sociolinguistic status and of its origin are discussed. Then, the role played by Kiezdeutsch in present day German society is scrutinized relying on the dichotomy 'community vs. migrancy'.

The article investigates the employment conditions of young early school leavers in Italy in the aftermath of the economic crisis, a period which was marked by a process of occupational downgrading. The empirical analyses rely on the 2005 and 2014 waves of the ISFOL-PLUS survey and show that the employment opportunities of youth who dropped out of school have substantially deteriorated over time, both in absolute terms and compared to those who attained an upper-secondary level certificate. The article discusses possible determinants of this negative trend: on the one hand, the increased negative selection of the group of early school leavers; on the other hand, the process of "crowding out" of workers with intermediate qualification levels from well-matching jobs. The results also show considerable gender differences and in particular the existence of a multiplicative disadvantage for female early school leavers, especially in Southern Italy.

The analysis carried out by Benedetto Croce in Storia d'Italia dal 1871 al
1915 and in Storia d'Europa nel secolo decimonono, as observed by the
most perceptive interpreters of the historiographical activity of Croce,
excludes the conflict phases that preceded the historical periods taken
into consideration (The Risorgimento for the History of Italy and the
French Revolution for the History of Europe). This paper shows how the
perplexity of the historiographical setting of Croce is also found in the
book about the Baroque period in Italian history that was published in the
same year of the two most important and well-known historical works by
Benedetto Croce.