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This research emerged from the questions about the validity of the arbitral agreements, arbitral procedures and arbitral awards, all of them developed by electronic means.In order to arise to the possible solutions of those sorts of questions, it was made, in its first stage, a complex comparative chart that shows the arbitral formal requirements established in the different legislations around the world for both international and domestic arbitrations, and their relation with the corresponding "functional-equivalent" derived from the local law on electronic commerce.That comparative chart included the legislations of Colombia, Germany, United States, Australia, Hong Kong, and United Kingdom. They were chosen in order to be able to represent the different legal systems that exist in the whole world, and also accordingly to their international political and commercial importance.Additionally, because there is no enough bibliographical material to support this subject matter, in a second part of this first stage, there were included some brief accounts of specialized journals' articles about related topics, which brought significant references to the development of the investigation. For this reason, they were graded taking into account the relevant information supplied and their relation with the analyzed problems.As a result of the first research stage, it was concluded that it is possible to develop online or electronic arbitrations in the mentioned places because their legislations allow them. However, one of the main issues that has to be faced soon is the particular cultural background of each place, because they are, in some cases, extremely different and formalist. ; Este trabajo, consistente en un estudio de derecho comparado del arbitraje en línea, se desarrolla a partir del cuestionamiento sobre la validez jurídica de los pactos, procedimientos y laudos arbitrales realizados por medios electrónicos.Con el propósito de obtener soluciones a esos interrogantes, se adelant ó, en esta primera etapa, una investigación sobre los requisitos formales exigidos en los arbitrajes tanto internacionales como locales, tal como se encuentran establecidos en diferentes jurisdicciones, así como su relaci ón con el "equivalente funcional" consignado en la correspondiente ley local sobre comercio electrónico. (El "equivalente funcional" es un criterio que intenta precisar las funciones que cumplen determinados requisitos formales [escrito, firma, original, entre otros], para establecer de qué forma pueden ser cumplidas de manera electrónica, y así otorgarle el mismo valor jurídico a tales instrumentos electrónicos.)Los resultados de esa investigación se plasmaron en un cuadro comparativo que incluyó las legislaciones de Colombia, Alemania, Estados Unidos, Australia, Hong Kong y Reino Unido. Estas jurisdicciones fueron escogidas según su importancia internacional, tanto política como comercial, y de manera tal que pudieran representar los diferentes sistemas legales que existen en el mundo.Adicionalmente, como se detectara la necesidad de respaldar la investigaci ón con material bibliográfico complementario, en la segunda parte de esta primera etapa, fueron incluidas reseñas de artículos de revistas especializadas, con referencias significativas a los subtemas objeto de investigación. Las reseñas mencionadas fueron clasificadas atendiendola relevancia de la información contenida en cada una de ellas y su relaci ón con los problemas analizados.Como resultado de la primera etapa de esta investigación profesoral, se concluyó que es posible realizar arbitrajes electrónicos o en línea en las jurisdicciones estudiadas, comoquiera que sus leyes le reconocen valor jurídico a ese tipo de actuaciones adelantadas por medios electrónicos. Sin embargo, al lado de esta conclusión jurídica se determinó que una certeza legal sobre el particular podría verse obstaculizada por una especial resistencia de carácter cultural en cada uno de los lugares estudiados (y en el resto del mundo), debido principalmente a la concepción formalista que informa las distintas áreas del derecho.Por último, como se indicara antes, es de anotar que lo descrito corresponde tan solo a la primera etapa de la investigación, desarrollada completamente en idioma inglés, la cual se extenderá en una segunda fase al estudio de la jurisprudencia que se ha emitido sobre el objeto de la investigaci ón y a un estudio preliminar de las dificultades culturales en las jurisdicciones analizadas.

This research emerged from the questions about the validity of the arbitral agreements, arbitral procedures and arbitral awards, all of them developed by electronic means.In order to arise to the possible solutions of those sorts of questions, it was made, in its first stage, a complex comparative chart that shows the arbitral formal requirements established in the different legislations around the world for both international and domestic arbitrations, and their relation with the corresponding "functionalequivalent" derived from the local law on electronic commerce.That comparative chart included the legislations of Colombia, Germany, United States, Australia, Hong Kong, and United Kingdom. They were chosen in order to be able to represent the different legal systems that exist in the whole world, and also accordingly to their international political and commercial importance.Additionally, because there is no enough bibliographical material to support this subject matter, in a second part of this first stage, there were included some brief accounts of specialized journals articles about related topics, which brought significant references to the development of the investigation. For this reason, they were graded taking into account the relevant information supplied and their relation with the analyzed problems.As a result of the first research stage, it was concluded that it is possible to develop online or electronic arbitrations in the mentioned places because their legislations allow them. However, one of the main issues that has to be faced soon is the particular cultural background of each place, because they are, in some cases, extremely different and formalist. ; Este trabajo, consistente en un estudio de derecho comparado del arbitraje en línea, se desarrolla a partir del cuestionamiento sobre la validez jurídica de los pactos, procedimientos y laudos arbitrales realizados por medios electrónicos.Con el propósito de obtener soluciones a esos interrogantes, se adelant ó, en esta primera etapa, una investigación sobre los requisitos formales exigidos en los arbitrajes tanto internacionales como locales, tal como se encuentran establecidos en diferentes jurisdicciones, así como su relaci ón con el equivalente funcional consignado en la correspondiente ley local sobre comercio electrónico. (El equivalente funcional es un criterio que intenta precisar las funciones que cumplen determinados requisitos formales [escrito, firma, original, entre otros], para establecer de qué forma pueden ser cumplidas de manera electrónica, y así otorgarle el mismo valor jurídico a tales instrumentos electrónicos.)Los resultados de esa investigación se plasmaron en un cuadro comparativo que incluyó las legislaciones de Colombia, Alemania, Estados Unidos, Australia, Hong Kong y Reino Unido. Estas jurisdicciones fueron escogidas según su importancia internacional, tanto política como comercial, y de manera tal que pudieran representar los diferentes sistemas legales que existen en el mundo.Adicionalmente, como se detectara la necesidad de respaldar la investigaci ón con material bibliográfico complementario, en la segunda parte de esta primera etapa, fueron incluidas reseñas de artículos de revistas especializadas, con referencias significativas a los subtemas objeto de investigación. Las reseñas mencionadas fueron clasificadas atendiendola relevancia de la información contenida en cada una de ellas y su relaci ón con los problemas analizados.Como resultado de la primera etapa de esta investigación profesoral, se concluyó que es posible realizar arbitrajes electrónicos o en línea en las jurisdicciones estudiadas, comoquiera que sus leyes le reconocen valor jurídico a ese tipo de actuaciones adelantadas por medios electrónicos. Sin embargo, al lado de esta conclusión jurídica se determinó que una certeza legal sobre el particular podría verse obstaculizada por una especial resistencia de carácter cultural en cada uno de los lugares estudiados (y en el resto del mundo), debido principalmente a la concepción formalista que informa las distintas áreas del derecho.Por último, como se indicara antes, es de anotar que lo descrito corresponde tan solo a la primera etapa de la investigación, desarrollada completamente en idioma inglés, la cual se extenderá en una segunda fase al estudio de la jurisprudencia que se ha emitido sobre el objeto de la investigaci ón y a un estudio preliminar de las dificultades culturales en las jurisdicciones analizadas.

The present research focuses on arbitration, which seeks to examine the advantages and disadvantages of third party funding(TPF) and its differences with other forms of financial interference and determines who can act as an investor. The result of this research is that third party funding has disadvantages and advantages that in general, its advantages are dominated due to the difference in volume of funding, and investors in this area can be lawyers, insurance companies or any other person who is not prohibited by law and can be simulated and executed under the Article 10 of civil law.

Contains a series of articles by A. Fernández Montalva with replies and discussions reprinted from La Patria and La Democracia of Asuncion. ; Mode of access: Internet.

I. Law Applicable to the Merits in Commercial Arbitration in the European Union. A. Legal Framework in the Union and its Member States. B. Arbitration Rules. C. Arbitration Practice. II. Scope of the Rome I Regulation with regard to Arbitration. A. The Regulation as a Binding Instrument? B. State Courts as Direct Addressees of the Regulation. C. Scope and Significance. III. Rome II Regulation. A. Application. B. Structure and Mandatory Conflict of Laws Rules. IV. Choice-of-law Agreements: Meaning of the Rome I and II Regulations. A. Limits to Party Autonomy. B. Source of Guidance. C. Non-Contractual Obligations. V. Methods to Determine the Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice. A. General Considerations. B. Contracts. C. Non-Contractual Obligations. VI. International Mandatory Rules and Mandatory Conflict of Laws Rules. A. The Rome Instruments and the Protection of EU Public Policy in Arbitration. B. Effect of Overriding Mandatory Provisions. C. Bilateral Conflict Rules and Scope of Public Policy Provisions. VII. Conclusion

Foreword --How Should International Arbitrators Tackle Corruption Issues? --Notes on Amiable Compositeurs under Argentine Law --Arbitraje y Derecho de Defensa --The Opportunity to Be Heard: Accommodating Amicus Curiae Participation in Investment Treaty Arbitration --Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunals in Islamic Law (Shari'a) --Arbitration and Mediation Combined. The Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators --Deliberation and Drafting Awards in International Arbitration --ICSID Versus Non-ICSID Investment Treaty Arbitration --Commercial Arbitration and the Italian and EC Antitrust Legislation with an Emphasis on Intellectual Property Rights. --Bernardo Cremade's Contribution to the Development of Arbitration Law in Latin America --Arbitrabilité et Droit de la Concurrence --Polygamy of Treaties in Arbitration - A Latin American and MERCOSUL Perspective --May Courts in Latin American Countries Refuse Recognition and/or Enforcement of a Foreign Arbitral Award that Is Being Challenged at the Place of Arbitration? --Advocacy and the Functions of Lawyers in International Arbitration --The Arbitrator's Failure to Disclose Conflicts of Interest: Is It Per Se a Ground for Annulling the Award? --El Turismo Arbitral, ¿Realidad o Espejismo? --Validity in Spain of Bills of Lading's Jurisdiction Clauses and Anti-Suit Injunctions in the European Union --Collection of Evidence in International Arbitration --Leveraging the Arbitral Process to Encourage Settlement: Some Practical and Legal Issues --The New Law on Arbitration in Syria --Ethics in Arbitration --Clearer Ethics Guidelines and Comparative Standards for Arbitrators --Set-offs Are Not Counterclaims in International Arbitration --Remarks on the Sovereign Immunity from Execution and Its Interpretation by Some Systems and Their Courts --International Arbitration and Jura Novit Curia - Towards Harmonization --Contra los Recursos Infundados --La Ironí a de Compétence-Compétence --Attorneys' Fees Agonistes: The Implications of Inconsistency in the Awarding of Fees and Costs in International Arbitrations --Cultural Clashes in International Commercial Arbitration: How Much of a Real Issue? --Non-Signatories and Arbitration: Recent Developments --Elena Gutiérrez García de Cortázar --Misconduct by Proxy? Trying to Understand Article 22 of the ECT --State Intervention in the Financial Crisis and International Investment Arbitration --Electronically Stored Information and Privilege in International Arbitration --When is an "Investment" an "Investment"? - Formalities of Approval and Limitations on Their Application --Economic Crisis and Arbitration --Juan-Carlos Jiménez-Mancha --Brief Reflections on the Application of Norms by International Arbitrators --Applications for "Revision" in Investment Arbitration: Selected Current Issues --Fraud and Corruption in international Arbitration --Multi-Step Dispute Resolution Clauses --Countermeasures, Diplomatic Protection, and Investor-State Arbitration --The Entitlement of the State and Public Entities to Arbitrate Under Lebanese Law --Some Considerations About Current International Arbitration Conduct --¿Existe Hostilidad Hacia el Arbitraje de Inversión en América latina? --Bilateral Investment Treaty Arbitration in the Early 21st Century --Collisions of Legal Regimes in World Society. The Umbrella Clause as a Substantive and Procedural Mechanism of Legal Coordination --Some Comments on Denial of Justice in Public and Private International Law After Loewen and Saipem --Ventajas e Inconvenientes del Arbitraje Institucional --Limits of Consent - Arbitration without Privity and Beyond --The Principles of international Arbitration Practice in France --Use of Arbitration in the WTO --The Evolving Nature of Provisional Measures --How Case Law Made Mexico a True International Arbitration Place --Selected Nationality Issues in ECT Arbitration --Arbitration and Anti Suit Injuctions in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice --Unlawful interference with International Arbitration by National Courts of the Seat in the Aftermath of Saipem v. Bangladesh --International Arbitration as an Analogue to the International Civil Society --Evidence in International Arbitration: A Synthetic Glimpse --Investment and Economic Development – The World Bank Connection --Arbitration Is Useful Only if It Is Better than Court Proceedings --Fast-Track Arbitration Agreements of MAC Clauses --The Right of Foreign Investors to Access the Domestic Spanish Markets – An Analysis of Art. 2 Para. 1 of the Spanish Bilateral Investment Treaties --Belated Jurisdictional Objections in ICSID Arbitration --The Application of Arbitration to Public Entities. The Spanish Case --The 2000 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments. A Latin American Perspective --Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties --Preliminary Judgments, Lis Pendens and Res Iudicata in Arbitration Proceedings --The Document Production Master and the Experts' Facilitator: Two Possible Aides for an Efficient Arbitration --Interviewing and Preparing Witnesses for Testimony in International Arbitration Proceedings: The Quest for Developing Transnational Standards of Lawyers' Conduct --A New Approach to International Investment Agreements (IIAS) in Brazil --Treaty Planning: Current Trends in international Investment Disputes that Impact Foreign Investment Decisions and Treaty Drafting.