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In July 1994, we wrote a job, to be dealt with at a seminar at the Torcuato Di Tella Institute (held on 11 July), providing a view on the proposal that was being studied at these times to incorporate into the National Constitution a provision giving constitutional hierarchy to the federal tax co-participation regime (CFI). A very simple model led to the following conclusions: "(III) The results presented. imply a pessimistic response to the current possibility of achieving a balanced situation. Given that the reference situation is Law 23.548, given the current distribution of political power in the National Congress and the simple majority rule, it was not possible. to reach a new Law on CFI that represents a balance. "(iv) On what the Constituent Convention could do with regard to the IFC regime, the answer is that it could only give it constitutional hierarchy to a regime that has been in open crisis for more than 15 years. And this hierarchy will hardly help solve the crisis. If discussed, there does not seem to be a balancing solution. If it were to be 'frozen' in the form provided for in Article 15 of Law 23.548, a defective 'transitional regime' becomes a 'structural data'; the reality will be carried out by means of covenants, agreements or decrees to amend, most probably with doubtful rationality, such 'structural data'. In that case, Argentinian federalism will continue to pass the stage of 'coercive federalism'. More than 13 years have passed since the 1994 Constitution has been sanctioned, and more than 11 years have been in breach of the Sixth Transitional Provision (sanctioning a new law before 31/12/1996). Given the success of our prediction (which we are not happy, but which is useful as an alert for unmeasured constitutional and legal provisions), it seems to us to be useful to replicate the work in the version discussed at that opportunity. Department of Economics ; En julio de 1994 escribimos un trabajo, para ser tratado en un Seminario en el Instituto Torcuato Di Tella (realizado el 11 de ...

El derecho penal internacional se traduce en aquellos delitos que fueron concebidos como competencia de la Corte Penal Internacional, en el Estatuto de Roma. En esa medida y comoquiera que dichas conductas punibles internacionales, en la mayoría de los casos, suponen la autoría de manera vedada de líderes políticos o militares, resulta apropiado e interesante analizar la inclusión de esta y, en especial, la coautoría mediata en este tipo de ilícitos, puesto que son precisamente los mecanismos o instrumentos adecuados, a efectos de poder predicar la responsabilidad penal en estos sujetos del delito. El presente escrito aborda el desarrollo de la temática de la autoría y coautoría mediata, así como el dominio del hecho, como mecanismo idóneo para su configuración, a la luz de pronunciamientos revolucionarios y recientes de la propia Corte Penal Internacional, con una acuciosa y detallada comparación, respecto de fallos proferidos por tribunales internacionales ad hoc, instituidos con el fin de juzgar este tipo de conductas delictivas, previo a la conformación de la Corte Penal Internacional.

Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of two technological co-adjuvants in virgin olive oil extraction from the Hojiblanca olive variety with a low ripening index: the addition of talc during the malaxation of the olive paste step, water addition during the same step and olive paste storage over a small period of time. Ranges of operation were established as follows: talc addition, 0-2 % (w/w); water addition, 0-20 % (w/w); and storage time, 0-36 h. Mathematical models and statistical analyses (ANOVA) were performed in order to evaluate the effects of theses factors on oil yield and quality of olive oils obtained. Using a confidence level of 95 %, oil yield, acidity, peroxide index, K270 and Chlorophyll contents, models are significant. The addition of talc is more effective in improving oil yield and paste storage is also useful to improve oil yield although a loss of oil quality is observed; but all the olive oil obtained may be characterized as extra virgin olive oil according to the regulations of the European Union. ; Se ha utilizado la metodología de superficies de respuesta para evaluar los efectos de dos coadyuvantes tecnológicos y otro factor en la extracción de aceite de oliva virgen procedente de aceitunas de la variedad Hojiblanca con bajo índice de madurez: adición de talco en la etapa de batido de la pasta, adición de agua en la misma etapa y almacenamiento de la pasta de aceituna durante un periodo corto de tiempo. Los rangos de operación han sido los siguientes: de 0% a 2% en la adición de talco, de 0% a 20% en la adición de agua y de 0 h a 36 h de tiempo de almacenamiento. Para evaluar los efectos de estos factores en el rendimiento y calidad de los aceites obtenidos se han construido modelos matemáticos y realizado análisis estadísticos (ANOVA). Para un nivel de confianza del 95%, los modelos de rendimiento en aceite, acidez, índice de peróxidos, K270 y contenido en clorofilas han resultado significativos. Con la adición de talco se consigue un mayor aumento del rendimiento de aceite, también el almacenamiento de la pasta mejora el rendimiento pero se observa una pérdida de calidad, no obstante, todos los aceites obtenidos se podrían clasificar en la categoría de aceites de oliva vírgenes extras según la normativa de la Unión Europea.

Collaborative management, or co-management, of forests has increasingly become an alternative to traditional state management. Utilizing a Political Ecology perspective, this article highlights the conflictive dynamic between the state and community grassroots organizations about their perceptions and understandings about the meanings, objectives, goals, and politics of co-management. It is argued that forest co-management is primarily a social relation mediated by power relations and social nature, in which priority is given to scientific knowledge and Western rationality over what it means local groups. The article also analyzes the discursive strategies used by local groups to defend their management views. Finally, using a Puerto Rican case study, the article discusses which strategies and discourses have been effective and ineffective in the implementation of co-management. ; El manejo colaborativo de bosques, mejor conocido como co-manejo, ha aumentado como alternativa al manejo estatal tradicional de los recursos naturales. Aplicando la perspectiva de la ecología política, en este trabajo se argumenta el carácter conflictivo entre el Estado y los grupos de base en términos de percepciones sobre los significados, objetivos, metas y políticas sobre el co-manejo de bosques. Se argumenta que el manejo de bosques es primordialmente una relación social mediada por relaciones de poder y la naturaleza social en donde se la da prioridad al conocimiento científico y a la racionalidad de manejo occidental a diferencia de lo que representa el bosque para grupos locales y comunitarios. Se analizan además, las estrategias discursivas en que los distintos actores se enfrentan para defender su visión de manejo. Finalmente, mediante los estudios de caso de Puerto Rico, se presentan las estrategias y discursos que han sido efectivos, y los que no, en la implementación del co-manejo.

Los limites lo público y lo privado se van trasformando sustancialmente el punto en que su separación pierde el sentido de dicotomía y adquiere más bien el sentido de intima codeterminación y co-supeditación. Con el desarrollo del ciudadano reflexivo y deliberante bajo una civilidad moderna y solitaria, se profundiza la in-separación y auto-especificación de lo privado/publico. Es esta, precisamente la óptica en la que se adscribe la conceptualización del proceso de construcción de lo público (en cuanto íntimamente determinado, supeditado con lo privado) en una sociedad que pretenda ser moderna y autorreflexiva a la luz de los logro y exigencia del mundo de hoy "Luis Jorge Garay, ciudadanía. Lo público. Democracia, Textos y Notas./Abstract: "The limits the public and private sectors are substantially transforming the point where their separation lose the sense of dichotomy and acquire more intimate sense of co-determination and co-subordination. With the development of reflective and deliberative citizen in a modern civility and lonely deepens in self-separation and specification of the private / public. This is precisely the perspective in which was attributed to the conceptualization of the construction process of the public (as closely determined, subject to the private) in a society that claims to be modern and self-reflective in the light of the achievement and the world demand today" Luis Jorge Garay, ciudadanía. Lo público. Democracia, Textos y Notas

AbstractIn this article the de-colonial pedagogy is analyzed as a possibility of research of the teaching practices of ethical - political formation in Community Education (COE), given nowadays. It is articulated in three sections: historical approaches given between COE and the pedagogy in university contexts, the ethical - political formation in the practices of COE: a critique to the epistemology of the knowledge as power and the de-colonial pedagogy as a critique to the modern pedagogic speech. Some questions, which discussion mixes with, are: What type of formative practices do we refer to when we speak about COE? What is the ethical - political project in which they are registered? How is the production of knowledge given in the practices of formation above? Where is this knowledge recognized from? How is COE located in the current times of cognitive capitalism and immaterial work in contexts of globalization? How and where is being critique assumed from? How is the ethical - political project of COE articulated to the Latin-American critical thought? ; En el presente artículo se realiza una apuesta por la pedagogía decolonial como posibilidad de investigación de las prácticas de formación en la Educación Comunitaria, eco, que se dan contemporáneamente. Se encuentra articulado en tres apartados, a saber: acercamientos históricos dados entre la eco y la pedagogía en contextos universitarios, la formación ético–política en las prácticas de la eco: una crítica a la epistemología del saber como poder y la pedagogía decolonial como una crítica al discurso pedagógico moderno. Las preguntas en torno a las cuales gira la discusión son entre otras: ¿a qué tipo de prácticas formativas hacemos referencia cuando hablamos de la eco? ¿Cuál es el proyecto ético–político en el que se inscriben? ¿Cómo se da la producción de conocimiento en dichas prácticas de formación? ¿Desde dónde se legitima ese conocimiento? ¿Como se ubica la eco en los actuales tiempos de capitalismo cognitivo y trabajo inmaterial en contextos de globalización? ¿Cómo se está asumiendo la crítica y desde dónde? ¿Cómo se articula el proyecto ético–político de la eco al pensamiento crítico latinoamericano? ; ResumoNo presente artigo realiza-se uma aposta pela pedagogia decolonial como uma possibilidade de pesquisa das praticas de formação ético - políticas em Educação Comunitária –ECO- dadas na contemporaneidade. A aposta encontra-se articulada em três apartados: aproximações históricas entre a ECO e a pedagogia em contextos universitários, a formação ético – política nas praticas da ECO: uma crítica à epistemologia do saber como poder e a pedagogia decolonial como uma critica ao discurso pedagógico moderno. As perguntas ao redor das quais gira a discussão são entre outras: ¿A que tipos de práticas formativas referimo-nos quando se fala da ECO? ¿Qual é o projecto ético-político no que se inscrevem? ¿Como se dá a produção de conhecimento em ditas práticas de formação? ¿Desde onde se legitima esse conhecimento? ¿Como se localiza a ECO nos atuais tempos de capitalismo cognitivo e trabalho imaterial em contextos de globalização? ¿Como se assumi a critica e desde onde? ¿Como se articula o projeto ético-político da ECO ao pensamento crítico latino-americano?

This paper is a study case, Mr. Juan José Chaux, who represents a social class, political class and business class, thanks to a series of complaints and accusations from several paramilitary, becomes an image that causes collective anger, noting how the power and structure of State have been co-opted by characters, that have apparently been co-opted by agents and illegal acts that seem to rely on the power of attorney, destroying the people, under the fallacy of the "struggle for security and democracy"; attempt to show that the character seems to have covenants and events, also have charge and direction of the hand of paramilitary, which directly or indirectly could cause displacement, massacres, poverty and death. This article aims to raise awareness of citizenship that terror cannot be under any circumstances, public policy, and avoid that propaganda and mass media become heroes to people of dubious reputation who can be perpetrators of crime and persecutors of the victims seeking justice.

El presente artículo analiza los bienes comunes desde una perspectiva socio-técnica. Puntualmente, invita a repensarlos en función de algunos cambios tecnológicos recientes. A partir de esta perspectiva es posible observar cómo los bienes comunes son parte de un proceso continuo de luchas, negociaciones y redefiniciones políticas entre diferentes grupos de actores. Analiza como estas luchas políticas son parte de un proceso de co-construcción entre el diseño tecnológico y las nuevas formas de regulación. ; This article discusses the commons ("common goods") from a socio-technical view. Specifically, it invites us to rethink them in the light of some recent technological changes. From this perspective it is possible to see how the commons are part of a continuous process of struggles, negotiations and political re-definitions among different groups of players. Analyze how these political struggles are part of a process of co-construction between the design of technologies and new forms of regulation.

[ES]A lo largo del presente artículo abordaremos el tema de la educación ciudadana para la convivencia democrática. Tras hacer una referencia al concepto de ciudadanía y describir alguna de las dimensiones de los conceptos de ciudadanía más significativos que se ofrecen desde diversas disciplinas, hablaremos del valor de la educación ciudadana como "herramienta esencial" para aprender a convivir juntos en una sociedad cada vez más abierta, compleja y global, destacando la importancia de la educación para la tolerancia y la educación para la solidaridad como vía para la consecución de una verdadera convivencia social. [EN] Throughout this article we will deal with the topic of the citizen education for the democratic co-existence. After mentioning the concept of citizenship describing it in relation to different subjects, we will follow talking about the value of the citizen education as an essential tool to learn how to live together in a more and more open-minded, complex and global society. We will remark the importance of education to get tolerance and solidarity as well as a way of achieving a real social co-existence.

A lo largo del presente artículo abordaremos el tema de la educación ciudadana para la convivencia democrática. Tras hacer una referencia al concepto de ciudadanía y describir alguna de las dimensiones de los conceptos de ciudadanía más significativos que se ofrecen desde diversas disciplinas, hablaremos del valor de la educación ciudadana como "herramienta esencial" para aprender a convivir juntos en una sociedad cada vez más abierta, compleja y global, destacando la importancia de la educación para la tolerancia y la educación para la solidaridad como vía para la consecución de una verdadera convivencia social. --- Throughout this article we will deal with the topic of the citizen education for the democratic co-existence.After mentioning the concept of citizenship describing it in relation to different subjects, we will follow talking about the value of the citizen education as an essential tool to learn how to live together in a more and more open-minded, complex and global society.We will remark the importance of education to get tolerance and solidarity as well as a way of achieving a real social co-existence.

Peer reviewed ; [EN] The author believes that the study of later Greek is neglected at least when compared with later Latin. He analyzes the influx of biblical Greek for t11e constitution o£ the Greek of the Cluistians8 and also the repercussion on it of the History of Christianism in its relations with pagan culture. . Re believes that methodologically, it is right to study Greek as a whole but it is justified to say Greek of the Christians because of the judeo-bilical component absent from other later Greek group-languages. This «Greek of the Christians is formed in different steps and it cannot be found in al1 authors, hut it is mostly found in popular literary genres which escape from the atticist wave and from the uniformity of literary koine.

One of the goals of the government through its fiscal policy is to inject Money into the national economy is affected, by the decline of its two most important items of income which are Ecuador´s as the price of barrel of oil and remittances from migrants by the current global economic crisis. Creating a bill for the Monthly Delivery of Reserve Founds. Which is based on Transitional Provision regarding the form of delivery, due to its breach within the prescribed period expired in the first instance. Now depends on the Partial Veto of the executive. This thesis provides a synthesis of Reserve Founds and what would be the impact of this law in the Ecuadorian economy, analyzed by three hypotheses that are taken as economic variable: household income, household savings and consumption seen through the trade balance.

El área de Lima metropolitana - Callao está localizada en el centro del Perú, frente al Océano Pacífico. Lima es la capital y funciona como centro político y administrativo del país, Callao es el principal puerto marítimo del Perú y es uno de los más importantes de América del Sur. Tanto el municipio de Lima como el del Callao tienen autonomía y. de acuerdo a ley tienen las mismas atribuciones. En este sentido, cualquier solución al problema de transporte en Lima está necesariamente vinculada a una solución del transporte en el Callao. En realidad, desde una óptica social, económica y cultural las dos ciudades constituyen una unidad. Es evidente, por tanto, la importancia de desarrollar un Plan Maestro del Transporte en el área de Lima metropolitana - Callao. El Plan Maestro desarrollado por Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd. tiene planos específicos para los siguientes sectores: Red Vial, Ferroviaria, Omnibús troncales, y Gestión de Tránsito, identificándose para cada uno de estos, proyectos relevantes para el transporte en el año 2025 y 2010. ; The metropolitan area of Lima - Callao is located in the center of Peru, facing the Pacific Ocean. Lima is the capital and serves as political and administrative centre of the country. The Callao is the main seaport of Perú and one of the most important of South America. Both, the city of Lima and Callao are autonomous and, according to the Law have the same powers. Consequently, any solution to the problem of transportation of Lima is necessarily linked to a solution of the transportation of Callao. Indeed, from a social, economic and cultural perspective the two cities are an unit. Therefore, it is very important to develop a Transport Master Plan in the metropolitan area of Lima - Callao. The Master Plan developed by Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd. define specific plans for: Roads, Raíl, Trunk Bus, and Traffic Management, identifying for each relevant projets of transportation for 2025 and 2010.

Every year the UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l'Agrément technique dans la construction / European Union of Agrément), which was founded in 1960 and will therefore be celebrating its 50th anniversary next year, convenes the directors of its member institutes, each representing its home country, to a meeting of the Co-ordination Commission. This Commission discusses national circumstances and the interaction among the activities conducted by the respective Institutes (countries) in connection with the assessment of construction industry innovations, particularly innovative products, procedure called in Spanish, Documento de Idoneidad Técnica (in other languages: Agrément, Avis technique and so on). As it is for other of life's activities, so it is with technical approvals, that at times we pay little heed to the fact that they take place in a context marked by relevant historic events occurring during our careers, which are significantly affected by these situations in one way or another. This is what underlies the present constructive and optimistic reflection, a simple and subjective exercise with some sense of humour that lists some of the yearly highlights coetaneous with other more technical events related to technical approvals. This discussion concludes with the annual summary of activities in 2008 submitted to the March 2009 meeting of the UEAtc's Co-ordination Commission. The message conveyed is that while on the one hand we must not ignore history and what we have achieved to date, on the other our efforts should not become so self-involved as to lose sight of the relativity of our endeavours. ; Anualmente la UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l'Agrément technique dans la construction / Unión Europea para la Idoneidad Técnica en Construcción), creada en 1960, y que por tanto celebrará su 50 aniversario el próximo año, reúne a los Directores de sus 18 Institutos Miembros, representantes, a su vez, de otros tantos países europeos, en la reunión anual denominada: Comisión de Coordinación. En esta Comisión, se ...

The focus of this paper is on the short-term macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in Colombia in a structural vector autoregression context. Government spending shocks are found to have positive and significant effects on output, private consumption, em