We investigate the impact of 20th--century European colonization on growth in Africa. We find that in the 1960--88 period growth has been faster for dependencies than for colonies; for British and French colonies than for Portuguese, Belgian and Italian ones; and for countries with less economic penetration during the colonial period. On average, African growth accelerates after decolonization. Proxies for colonial heritage add explanatory power to growth regressions and make indicators for human capital, political and ethnic instability lose significance. Colonial variables capture the same effects of a sub--Saharan dummy and reduce its significance when jointly included in a cross sectional regression with 98 countries.
This literature review examines the various responses to trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples as a result of governmental policies geared toward assimilation. Both traumatic and resilient responses are demonstrated at the individual, family, and community levels. Much of the research that has been done in the United States to develop theories around historical trauma and race-based traumatic stress may also be applied to Canada's First Nations due to similar histories of oppression and colonization. Overall, the research finds that self-government and a connection to culture and spirituality result in better outcomes for Indigenous peoples.
This literature review examines the various responses to trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples as a result of governmental policies geared towards assimilation. Both traumatic and resilient responses are demonstrated at the individual, family and community levels. Much of the research that has been done in the United States to develop theories around historical trauma and race-based traumatic stress may also be applied to Canada's First Nations due to similar histories of oppression and colonization. Overall, the research finds that self government and a connection to culture and spirituality result in better outcomes for Indigenous peoples.
Part 1. An Archipelagic View on (Post-)Colonial Legacies -- Part 2. The Past and Present of the Political Economy and Authority in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines -- Part 3. The Past and Present of the Hierarchization of Difference and Power in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines -- Part 4. The (Post-)Colonial Legacies of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines: A Comparative View.
Halal food consumption and the halal market economy in Europe have been steadily growing among both Muslim and non-Muslim populations. This growth has been propelled by the rising number of Muslim immigrants in European countries. The purpose of the present study was to systematically review and synthesize a multitude of existing scholarly findings extracted from peer-reviewed research and reliable web-based sources on the role of Muslim immigrants in the acculturation of halal food in European countries. An electronic database search in the available literature was conducted to identify and select data from cognate studies. The collected data were examined and analyzed employing a systematic review methodology. The combined findings of Muslim immigrants' role and contributions to halal food acculturation in Europe are discussed. A systematic search of major electronic bibliographic databases, printed books, verified fact-based newspaper articles, and credible web-based sources was conducted. A cross section of a total of sixty-four data sources was included in this review. Findings suggest that the acculturation of the halal food process in European countries has been effective and facilitated by waves of Muslim immigrants, centuries of colonization of Muslim countries by many former European colonizers, adhering to religious requirements to consuming halal food, cultural and peer influences on halal food consumption, perceived control over consuming halal meat, developing a bicultural identity in the host country, as well as the increasing acceptance of the non-Muslim European consumer to consuming halal food as a healthier alternative to fast food and processed food products. There is a need for further research to better understand the economic and socio-cultural impact of the acculturation of halal food on the behavior of non-Muslim European consumers. This might serve as a paradigm for future research to better understand what influences halal food product consumption in non-Muslim European countries and globally.
Issues for -Sept. 20, 1836 and July 4, 1837-December 31, 1857 have title: Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto-Rico ; Issues for September 24, 1836-July 1, 1837 have title: Gaceta del Gobierno Constitucional de Puerto-Rico ; (Dates or Sequential Designation) Began in 1806? ; After the change of sovereignty in 1898, briefly published by the government of the United States. ; Description based on: Vol. 6, N.o 53 (23 de Octubre de 1811) (surrogate); title from caption. ; Latest issue consulted: Año 1858, núm. 156 (30 de Diciembre).
Neutron radiation fields are generated in various scientific research areas and applications, for example in radiation therapy, in radionuclide production for medical applications, in material science studies, for design of electronic components in energy production, military activities, and in neutron radiography. Moreover, high energy neutrons are the dominant component of the prompt radiation field present outside the shielding of high-energy accelerators and are a significant component of the cosmic radiation fields interacting with aircrafts and in spacecrafts. The Space Agencies programs are focusing on human space exploration. The return to the moon and the construction of a permanent base (Moon Village) and the Mars exploration are now among the highest priorities both for NASA and ESA. However, the health risks caused by exposure to cosmic radiation are acknowledged as one of the major showstopper for safe colonization of the Solar systems. Shielding is the only practical countermeasure available, but there is still a lack of information regarding the neutrons stopping performances of the new materials currently under evaluation in the context of long term space missions (e.g. highly hydrogenated materials, in situ resource utilizations and active shields). The recently founded SPARE project aims to carry out a shielding test campaign of active and passive materials using high energy protons and neutrons at the accelerator facilities in Trento (TIFPA) and Legnaro (SPES- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro LNL). For this reason the development of a new Quasi Monoenergetic Neutron (QMN) sources capable of accelerating neutrons with energies up to 70MeV in LNL will be a major goal of the project since no other QMN facility is currently in operation in Europe. An innovative detector (MONDO) developed by the "Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerca E.Fermi", able to track both neutrons and charged particles, will be used to measure the radiation transmitted and emitted by the shielding. The aim of this thesis is to present the MONDO neutron tracker and to describe its application within the SPARE project with a particular focus on its application as Neutron Beam Monitor for the new NEPIR QMN facility planned at LNL. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the description of the basic principles of neutron physics and dosimetry with a focus on the possible applications in space and Particle Therapy. An overview about the existing Quasi Mono-energetic Neutron facilities is also presented. The chapter conclusion contains an overview of the SPARE project. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the MONDO detector: the detection techniques and the tracker development status are described. The characterisation measurements already performed on a small MONDO prototype are also presented. In Chapter 3 a detailed description of the MONDO readout system, the SBAM sensor, is presented. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the presentation of the detector performances evaluated by means of a full-Montecarlo simulation in FLUKA. In the last Chapter (5) measurements on the first sensor chip with different source are illustrated.
PurposeReplicating colonization at Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs) must be addressed from the root, structurally. At New Mexico State University (NMSU) the authors are aimed to commit to going beyond counting and enrolling, to center servingness.Design/methodology/approachHSIs will continue to struggle in fulfilling their mission, especially given the fast-growing Latina/e/o/x populations in the United States (US). A major challenge all HSIs face is the contrasting demographics between the student population, the faculty and staff and the administration – with HSI administrations consistently being predominantly White.FindingsHence, in this piece the authors shed light on the important work the authors have done these last two years through collaborative efforts to transform the institution and center servingness. Judith as the Interim Director of Chicano Programs, and Linda as the inaugural Vice President for equity, inclusion and diversity.Originality/valueHerein, the authors now share about the genre of testimonio as a decolonial methodology and about the experiences in our work as we attempt to decolonize the praxis at an HSI.
Increasing the efficiency of utilization of fresh and preserved forage is a key target for ruminant science. Vitamin E is often used as additive to improve product quality but its impact of the rumen function is unknown. This study investigated the successional microbial colonization of ryegrass (GRA) vs. ryegrass hay (HAY) in presence of zero or 50 IU/d supplementary vitamin E, using a rumen simulation technique. A holistic approach was used to link the dynamics of feed degradation with the structure of the liquid-associated (LAB) and solid-associated bacteria (SAB). Results showed that forage colonization by SAB was a tri-phasic process highly affected by the forage conservation method: Early colonization (0-2 h after feeding) by rumen microbes was 2× faster for GRA than HAY diets and dominated by Lactobacillus and Prevotella which promoted increased levels of lactate (+56%) and ammonia (+18%). HAY diets had lower DM degradation (-72%) during this interval being Streptococcus particularly abundant. During secondary colonization (4-8 h) the SAB community increased in size and decreased in diversity as the secondary colonizers took over (Pseudobutyrivibrio) promoting the biggest differences in the metabolomics profile between diets. Secondary colonization was 3× slower for HAY vs. GRA diets, but this delay was compensated by a greater bacterial diversity (+197 OTUs) and network complexity resulting in similar feed degradations. Tertiary colonization (> 8 h) consisted of a slowdown in the colonization process and simplification of the bacterial network. This slowdown was less evident for HAY diets which had higher levels of tertiary colonizers (Butyrivibrio and Ruminococcus) and may explain the higher DM degradation (+52%) during this interval. The LAB community was particularly active during the early fermentation of GRA and during the late fermentation for HAY diets indicating that the availability of nutrients in the liquid phase reflects the dynamics of feed degradation. Vitamin E supplementation had minor effects but promoted a simplification of the LAB community and a slight acceleration in the SAB colonization sequence which could explain the higher DM degradation during the secondary colonization. Our findings suggest that when possible, grass should be fed instead of hay, in order to accelerate feed utilization by rumen microbes. ; This work has been supported by the BBRSC (BBS/E/W/10964A01) and by the EU Regional Development Fund Program through the Welsh Government (WISE Network). Donation of vitamin E and concentrate was much appreciated (Wynnstay and Celtic Pride Ltd., United Kingdom). ; Peer Reviewed
2013 Summer. ; Text in Spanish; title page and abstract in Spanish and English. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; After gaining its independence from Spain in 1968 and the subsequent discovery of some of the largest offshore oil reserves in Africa in 1995, the socioeconomic reality of Equatorial Guinea has transformed dramatically in the past decades. Once considered an economically stagnant and politically corrupt country, today the Equatoguinean economy is categorized as one of the fastest growing in the world. Yet in spite of all these changes —that initially seem positive— the current political powers have perpetuated a state structure that hinders the great majority of the country's population, creating a state of environmental injustice in which the Equatoguinean people suffer the consequences of the exploitation of their natural resources without the opportunity to benefit from the positive development that the hydrocarbon industry brings to the nation's economy. The present investigation focuses on the factors that have contributed to this imbalance between social and economic sectors in Equatorial Guinea, and also how this "negative development" has affected the reality and identity of the nation's people in modern times. This work will also highlight the evolution of the servile relationship between the Equatoguinean government, other international political entities, and the transnational oil corporations that have established themselves in the region, with special attention to the indifference that they have shown for the overall welfare of the Equatoguinean people. To conclude, I will consider the country's possible future socioeconomic trajectory in light of all of this information, focusing primarily on its overall relevance in the field of Environmental Justice.
Connects global migration with urban marginalization, exploring how "race" maps onto place across the globe, state, and street. In this richly observed account of migrant shopkeepers in five cities in the United Kingdom, Suzanne Hall examines the brutal contradictions of sovereignty and capitalism in the formation of street livelihoods in the urban margins. Hall locates The Migrant's Paradox on streets in the far-flung parts of de-industrialized peripheries, where jobs are hard to come by and the impacts of historic state underinvestment are deeply felt. Drawing on hundreds of in-person interviews on streets in Birmingham, Bristol, Leicester, London, and Manchester, Hall brings together histories of colonization with current forms of coloniality. Her six-year project spans the combined impacts of the 2008 financial crisis, austerity governance, punitive immigration laws and the Brexit Referendum, and processes of state-sanctioned regeneration. She incorporates the spaces of shops, conference halls, and planning offices to capture how official border talk overlaps with everyday formations of work and belonging on the street. Original and ambitious, Hall's work complicates understandings of migrants, demonstrating how migrant journeys and claims to space illuminate the relations between global displacement and urban emplacement. In articulating "a citizenship of the edge" as an adaptive and audacious mode of belonging, she shows how sovereignty and inequality are maintained and refuted.
Sustainability and me -- Colonization: the root of the problem -- Global wealth: who's harming who? -- How the fast fashion system works -- How society works -- Cultural appropriation -- Shopping: the great con -- Let's get committed -- Let's talk about us -- We need collective change -- How to break the supply chain -- Habits are made to be broken -- I believe in you.
This study aims to understand the Kapampangan people and their language settling at the heart of Central Luzon or Region III in the Philippines. This study attempts to address the origin of the Kapampangan people, their language and their influences on the Filipino culture as a whole. In spite of the fact that the province of Pampanga is in the midst of the Tagalog, Pangasinese and Ilocano speaking provinces, it remains united in language and, up to this date, used by the native Kapampangans. They believed that it is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family and is also known as Pampango, Capampangan, Pampangueño or Amanung Sisuan. The province also declared that once Spain used it as the seat of the Spanish government in the Philippines. According to some historians, the people of Pampanga played an important role in the campaign for reforms and independence during Spanish, American and Japanese colonization. Kapampangans are very proud of their origin and language that remains the bedrock of their existence. Today, the Province of Pampanga is considered one of the fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines, notwithstanding it was devastated by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. Perhaps the behavior and culture of the Kapampangans that made them bounce back from nature's wrath and, in a short span of time, fully recover and on the track again. The objective of the study is to understand the Kapampangan and its language, origin and development. In particular, it seeks to answer the following: What are the sources of the Kapampangan language? What makes the language unique among other languages? What are the roles of the Kapampangan during colonization? Why the Kapampangan language is an endangered language? The finding of the study: The provincial government of Pampanga, in coordination with the Department of Education, must revive the Pampangan language in all schools in Pampanga as a medium of instruction for Kinder to Grade 12. In coordination with all the cities and towns, the provincial government of Pampanga should practice as part of their official communication the Pampangan language. The provincial government of Pampanga must create a center for Kapampangan Studies. If both Kapampangans make it compulsory to converse in Pampangan The scope of the research concentrates on the Kapampangan language. It will be presented through available records, media interviews and historical data. Social scientists, in particular, have made wide use of qualitative research methods to examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of ideas and extension of methods.
"In OIL AND THE LICIT LIFE OF CAPITALISM IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA Hannah Appel considers how oil extraction creates forms of legality and legitimacy that mask its historical relationship to imperialism and slavery in Equatorial Guinea. As a former Spanish colony whose oil industry has developed in the shadow of it's neighbor Nigeria's (and stories of Nigeria's "resource curse"), Equatorial Guinea provides an understudied example of capitalism's imbrication of itself in state formation through oil extraction. Rooted in anthropology's turn to the study of infrastructure as a way to analyze the interactions of people, things, and the state, Appel's account focuses on structures and procedures that have enabled oil extraction and the flourishing of capitalism from Spanish colonization to the present day. Focusing on processes unique to petrocapital, such as offshore drilling, as well as those that have their roots or most prominent forms there, such as the contract or subcontractual labor, Appel shows how capitalism is not just the context in which oil extraction takes place, but itself a project, something that must be constantly reinforced and remade. Appel shows how ethnography provides a vital method for understanding capitalism's everyday reassertion and recreation of its own power as something that must be made and remade every day." -- Provided by publisher.
"The Global Spanish Empire tackles broad questions about indigenous cultural persistence, pluralism, and place making using a global comparative perspective grounded in the shared experience of Spanish colonialism. Through an expansive range of essays that look at Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Caribbean and the Pacific, this volume brings often-neglected regions into conversation"--
