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This book examines advanced approaches to finance infrastructure projects. In doing so, it synthesizes developments and generates new understandings in the field. Infrastructure financing has moved beyond traditional government funding, multilateral assistance, and project finance, to a diverse set of innovative approaches, increasing participation from private, institutional, commercial, and philanthropic investors. Chapters in the book discuss various infrastructure finance themes including the dynamism of project finance, diversification of multilateral assistance into various concessional and guarantee instruments, the surge of green and other thematic bonds, the role of land value capture, funded and unfunded risk mitigation options, growth of private institutional markets, and asset recycling. Given that developments in infrastructure finance are followed by many financial institutions, private developers, public sector policymakers, consulting firms and academic institutions, a researched discussion on the subject will help the readers reflect on, compare and contrast the emerging trends in relation to their practice. Dr. Raghu Dharmapuri Tirumala is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning at the University of Melbourne. His previous appointments include Professor and Director, School of Infrastructure, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, and CEO iDeCK (JV - Government of Karnataka, IDFC and HDFC). Dr. Piyush Tiwari is a Professor of Property in the Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning at the University of Melbourne, Australia. His previous appointment is as Director of Policy at IDFC.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Infrastructure disruptions are a drag on people and economies -- More resilient infrastructure assets pay for themselves -- Making infrastructure more resilient requires a consistent strategy -- Notes -- References -- 1 Resilient Infrastructure: A Lifeline for Sustainable Development -- Objectives of this report -- Structure of the report -- References -- Part I: A Diagnosis: A Lack of Resilient Infrastructure Is Harming People and Firms -- 2 Infrastructure Disruptions Are a Barrier to Thriving Firms -- Infrastructure services enable firms to thrive -- Infrastructure disruptions have direct and real costs for firms -- Firms employ costly measures to cope with unreliability -- Unreliable infrastructure leads to lower productivity -- Notes -- References -- 3 Infrastructure Disruptions Affect the Health and Well-Being of Households -- Infrastructure provides households with essential services -- Power outages directly reduce the well-being of households -- People's health and well-being suffer when the water supply is unreliable -- Transport disruptions lead to lost time, income, and access to services -- Notes -- References -- 4 Natural Shocks Are a Leading Cause of Infrastructure Disruptions and Damages -- The power sector is highly vulnerable to natural hazards -- Water systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change and can contribute to managing floods and droughts -- Natural hazards frequently disrupt and extensively damage transport infrastructure -- When natural shocks disrupt telecommunications systems, whole countries can go offline -- Infrastructure sometimes creates or increases natural risks -- Notes -- References -- 5 From Micro to Macro: Local Disruptions Translate into Macroeconomic Impacts.

Measuring and Improving Infrastructure Performance -- Copyright -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- SOURCE OF THIS STUDY -- THE STUDY'S FOCUS AND LIMITS -- DEFINING INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE -- ASSESSING PERFORMANCE AND DECISION MAKING -- IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- SOURCE AND CONDUCT OF THE STUDY -- INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE AND IMPROVEMENT IN CONTEXT -- THE STUDY'S FOCUS AND SCOPE -- SEEKING REPRESENTATIVE EXPERIENCE -- PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN PRACTICE -- THE REPORT'S STRUCTURE -- NOTES -- 2 INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE AND ITS MEASUREMENT -- THE BASIC CONCEPT OF PERFORMANCE -- PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH OTHER CONCEPTS: NEED, DEMAND, AND BENEFITS -- THE VARIETY OF STAKEHOLDERS -- DIMENSIONS OF EFFECTIVENESS -- DETERMINING WHETHER PERFORMANCE IS "GOOD -- BASES FOR JUDGING GOOD PERFORMANCE -- DIVERGING FROM THE NCPWI'S FRAMEWORK -- NOTES -- 3 THE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT PROCESS -- MOTIVATION -- THE GENERIC PROCESS -- THE RESULTING MEASURES AND THEIR USE -- Planning -- Implementation -- Evaluation -- LEVELS AND PATHWAYS OF PARTICIPATION AND AUTHORITY -- NOTES -- 4 MEASURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE -- TAKING STOCK -- DATA AS A CONCERN -- PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTING PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS -- MEASURES OF RELIABILITY -- MEASURES OF COST -- BENCHMARKS AND STANDARDS FOR ASSESSMENT -- USING PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- NOTES -- 5 INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH PERFORMANCE-BASED MANAGEMENT -- MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES AND VIEWS -- Considering Multiple Objectives -- Considering Multiple Points of View -- DEALING WITH MULTIPLE JURISDICTIONS AND MODES -- UNCERTAINTY AND RISK IN INFRASTRUCTURE DECISION MAKING -- Analytical Methods -- The Matter of Values -- The Role of Regulatory Agencies -- NOTES -- 6 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- HELPING DECISION MAKERS -- IMPROVING PERFORMANCE.

Intro -- NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK CONCEPT AND PROPOSALS -- NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK CONCEPT AND PROPOSALS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK: OVERVIEW AND CURRENT LEGISLATION -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS AN INFRASTRUCTURE BANK? -- NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK BILLS -- S. 652 "Building and Upgrading Infrastructure for Long-Term Development" -- Structure -- Eligible Projects -- Project Selection Criteria -- Financing Packages -- Funding of AIFA -- S. 936 "American Infrastructure Investment Fund Act of 2011" -- Structure -- Eligible Projects and Types of Financing -- AIIF Project Selection Criteria -- Financing Packages -- Funding of AIIF -- H.R. 402 "National Infrastructure Development Bank Act of 2011" -- Structure -- Eligible Projects -- Project Selection Criteria -- Financing Packages -- Funding of NIDB -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Will a Bank Increase Infrastructure Investment? -- Will an Infrastructure Bank Duplicate Existing Programs? -- Will a National Infrastructure Bank Accelerate Investment? -- What Are the Federal Budgetary Implications? -- Can a National Infrastructure Bank Be Financially Self-Sustaining? -- How Will Projects Be Selected? -- How Might an Infrastructure Bank Be Structured? -- How Might an Infrastructure Bank Be Governed? -- APPENDIX A. BACKGROUND ON INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING -- The Federal Role -- Federal Credit Assistance Programs -- Tax-Favored Infrastructure Bonds -- Public-Private Partnerships -- APPENDIX B. PROJECTS ELIGIBLE FOR FINANCING UNDER LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING: STAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON A NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Federal Laws Applying to Wastewater Treatment

This volume offers an interdisciplinary and global perspective on aspects of security and defence, with a special focus on the protection of social infrastructures in the face of various forms of violence. It examines some multi-faceted solutions and stresses the need to approach the problem from many disciplines. The optimistic conclusion from this work is that there are concrete and specific ways to address conflict and violence, and the importance of being alert in order to prevent their eventual negative consequences.This work integrates and synthesises theory, research, and public policy analysis in an effort to solve the complex questions and problems presented by this topic, and focuses on a range of topics, including militia and police, law, diplomacy, aggression and conflict studies, and psychology. This encourages a broader perspective and thought-process global collaboration and cooperation, and an integrated synthesis of knowledge. It broadens the conceptualisation of the phenomena under discussion and links them with tangible examples.This book represents an important resource for researchers and students of security and defence, violence, and peace, as well as anyone with an interest in studying methods of protecting critical infrastructures and more specifically of probable the most important social infrastructure, the people, reducing the threats of terrorism from a psychological approach

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Natural Slope -- 1 Clean Up Slided Soil After Checking the Slope -- 2 A Fresh Crack in a Rock Mass is a Warning Sign of a Landslide and/or Failure -- 3 Carefully Observe Puddles on Roads, Gaps in Pavement, and the Slope -- 4 A Depression on a Ridge Which Looks Like an Animal Trail is a Warning Sign -- 5 Do Not Rest Easy Even If the Rain Stops -- 6 Bent Trees are a Warning Sign of a Landslide -- 7 If You See Small Fallen Rocks on Roadsides, Pay Attention to the Upper Slope -- 8 Turbid Water at the Foot of a Slope Could be a Warning Sign of a Slope Failure -- 9 Watch Out for the Valley Side of the Slope as Well -- 10 Withering of Trees Could be a Warning Sign of a Landslide and/or Failure -- 2 Embankment -- 1 Watch Out for Cut and Fill Boundary -- 2 Start with the Top Part of an Embankment Slope -- 3 Watch Out for Buckling of a Slope -- 4 A Crack and Deflection of a Road Surface Should be Carefully Observed -- 5 Watch Out for Turbid Water as It Could be a Warning Sign of a Slide -- 6 Watch Out for the Level of Water Spring -- 7 Scour Marks on a Slope Mean Poor Drainage -- 8 Clogging and Accumulated Water in and/or Around Drain Must be Cleared Immediately -- 9 Check the Water Collection into the Drain -- 10 Watch Out for Embankments Facing a River or Seashore -- 3 Cut -- 1 Cut Inspection Starts with Your Attire -- 2 Walk on the Top of the Slope When Inspecting Cuts -- 3 Inspect Cuts Closely on the Way Up and Widely on the Way Down. Walk on the Same Path Both Ways -- 4 Take a Step Further and Inspect the Backland of the Top of the Slope -- 5 Watch Out for Cuts Below Fills and Fills Above Cuts -- 6 Gully Erosion Leads to a Disaster -- 7 If You See Water Spring or a Tensile Crack, Check for Buckling -- 8 Greenery in Winter is a Sign of Danger -- 9 Watch Out for Deterioration of Slope-Protection Work.