The object of this research is Immanuel Kant's philosophy of law, more specifically, the controversy over the nature of Kant's concept of law. Thus, the central concepts of Kant's moral philosophy, which are in connection with his idea of law, and, secondly, the most important aspects of Kant's thought regarding legal philosophy, are analyzed. It aims a definition of the most appropriate way to understand Kant's philosophy of law, whether it represents a radical positivism or a super-inclusive non-positivism.
The paper aims to clarify the sense of contemporary fascism, particularly from the example of the Brazilian Bonsolarism, defining it as an anti-systemic, anti-institucional, anti-juridical and infralegal perspective with a personalist, devoted, voluntarist, spontaneous and militant character which starts from inside judiciary and in terms of subversion of the relation among law, politics and moral, and that, by means of politicization and partisanship of law, branches to the political system, serving as instrument to the fratricide political war among parties, from there linking to civil society in the form of constitution of a digital-social mass-militia of acclamation oriented to an anti-systemic posture. In this dynamic, the fascism has two constitutive and streamlining cores: on one side, it subverts the correlation of human rights and law, delegitimizing and truly destroying the ontogenetic primacy, the separation, the differentiation, the self-referentiality and the overposition of law in relation to politics and moral, as the subsidiarity of them regarding law; on other, it leads to the deconstruction from inside to judiciary and political system of the highly institutionalist, legalist, technical, formal and depersonalized perspective which is proper to them, eliminating the centrality of the judiciary and, them, delegitimizing its regulator role regarding to political system and to the social dialectics, normalizing the totalizing regression caused by political-moral colonization of the democratic law. By reconstructing the pluralist and universalist democracy's meta-normative and generative basis as a public system of law, that is, the co-originality of universality of human rights, pluralism and law, the condition of ontogenetic primacy, independence, self-subsistence and overposition of law in relation to politics and moral, as the subsidiarity of these regarding to law, we will point to the renewal of this systemic, systematic, procedural, mediated, instancial, progressive and publicized perspective of the public system of law, in the interrelation, separation and overposition of judiciary and political system, demarcated by a strong ideal of methodological-procedural-axiological institutionality, legality, technicality, formality and depersonalization, which eradicates the politicization and partisanship of law and, by devolving the complete integrality to law-judiciary, confines the democracy's political system and civil society to their true limits which are its structural basis: the human rights, the legal process and the public system of law, with the necessity of full translation of politics and moral to law, delimitating the pluralist and universalist democracy as a public system of law oriented to the production of universality in/as/by legality.
The present investigation strives to show Nietzsche's considerations about natural law. Since the German philosopher bases his thinking on an organicist conception, in principle one is led to think of a welcome and even a positive emphasis on natural law. However, in several passages of his writings Nietzsche is hostile towards natural law, mainly because it acts as a framework, measurement and calculation of the movement of nature. Natural law, for this reason, consists in falsifying nature. For, the legal mechanisms are imposed on the free action of nature, depriving it of its organic singularity to fit it in an artificial rationality. The free action of nature cannot be captured by rational framing mechanisms dictated by natural law. However, Nietzsche recognizes in the will to power a kind of natural law that acts on natural phenomena without constraining them, but leads them to the highest peaks of force.
In Brazil, it is estimated that every year about 25-40 thousand workers are found in work situations similar to slavery, according to CPT numbers (2011) and OIT. One of the modalities of the current slavery more identified in state of Tocantins is servitude for debts, according to MPT (2011) is by the employer by the employee's with charges of undue debts. In Tocantins the CPT, CDHA and Reporter Brazil are institutions non-governmental most active in the fight against debt slavery. The development of research were performed readings authors of works: LOPES (2009), CPT (2011), SENADO (2011), OIT (2005), MARTINS (1999), (1986) e AMADO (1996). In the study conducted interviews with members and representatives of the CPT, CDHA, MTE and Reporter Brazil, in addition to collection of data that enabled the construction and analysis of graphics and frame, and finally, visited the tile fixing Moonlight Backwoods in Ananás (TO), a settlement formed with rescued from servitude workers. Therefore, it is concluded that these institutions a very important work in Tocantins, particularly for his performance in several areas as a complaint, inclusion project, database, preventive measures, etc.
In every country, behind the official law composed of the Constitution, statutes, rules edited by the Executive branch, and legal precedents, there is also another concealed regulation, based on the structure of ruling powers within society and legitimized by social mentality. Such duplicity of legal systems has always existed in Brazil. Apart from the official law, which follows valid civilization standards of countries that we consider to be culturally more advanced, there is a tacit law in force, whose role is to protect the interests of dominant social groups. This article illustrates this twofold reality of Brazilian law with the historical cases of slavery and democracy. In order to change this social structure, whose appearance does not reflect effective reality, the author highlights the need for a wide and continual denunciation of its illegitimacy. ; Em todos os países, por trás do direito oficial, composto pela Constituição, pelas leis, as normas editadas pelo Poder Executivo e os precedentes judiciais, existe sempre outro ordenamento encoberto, fundado na estrutura de poderes dominantes na sociedade e legitimados pela mentalidade social. No Brasil, essa duplicidade de regimes jurídicos sempre existiu. Além do direito oficial, que acompanha os padrões de civilização vigentes nos países que consideramos culturalmente mais avançados, vigora um direito não escrito, cuja função consiste em proteger os interesses dos grupos sociais dominantes. O artigo ilustra essa realidade bifronte do direito brasileiro com os casos históricos da escravidão e da democracia. Para mudança dessa estrutura social cuja aparência não condiz com a realidade efetiva, o autor sublinha a necessidade de uma ampla e contínua denúncia de sua ilegitimidade.
This article examines the implications of international intervention against piracy off the coast of Somalia backed by several Security Council resolutions since 2008. Based on a seminal academic debate generically known as naval peacekeeping, the article argues that the intervention against Somali piracy is the empirical realization of an autonomous concept of peacekeeping at sea, disconnected from the concepts usually applied to the land-based UN peace operations framework. Adapted from the source document.
This paper aims to analyze the lawfullness of preventive intervention under the United Nations Charter. The objective is to assess a legal perspective. In doing so, case-studies will be presented to illustrate the arguments in favor of & against the preventive use of force. In addition, the 'responsability to protect' will be analized as a possibility of the preventive use of force in situations of serious violation of human rights. Adapted from the source document.
DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2020/49180ResumoA Lei n. 13.979, de 6 de fevereiro de 2020, regula medidas de saúde pública relacionadas à emergência do novo coronavírus com alto potencial restritivo de direitos fundamentais, inclusive a quarentena e o isolamento. Esta análise crítica aborda a dimensão internacional da emergência, além da tramitação casuística e antidemocrática da lei brasileira. Com base na legislação epidemiológica em vigor, escrutina estas medidas excepcionais e as salvaguardas à sua implementação.Palavras-chave: Quarentena; Coronavírus; Emergência InternacionalAbstract Law no. 13,979, of February 6, 2020, regulates public health measures related to the emergence of the new coronavirus with high potential to restrict fundamental rights, including quarantine and isolation. This critical analysis addresses the international dimension of the emergency, and the casuistic and anti-democratic procedure of the Brazilian law. Based on the epidemiological legislation in force, it scrutinizes restrictive measures and safeguards for its implementation.Keywords: Quarantine; Coronavirus; International Emergency
O presente artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que tomou como hipótese uma interpretação crítica da história da educação não formal no Brasil, que aborda seu surgimento ligado a um projeto conservador para mitigar a força da educação popular no período da Ditadura Civil Militar. A investigação partiu de tais indícios e de uma proposta metodológica da sociologia política que se refere ao estudo das formas sociais hegemônicas para buscar elos de tal processo na história da educação não formal. A exposição que segue apresenta os resultados de uma investigação com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. De um lado, tal processo é especificado pela substituição dos programas de educação de adultos desenvolvidos no início dos anos 1960, no bojo dos movimentos de cultura popular, que tinham Paulo Freire como referência, pela instituição do Mobral (Movimento Brasileiro de Alfabetização). De outro lado, o exame dos documentos da UNESCO, sobretudo a partir dos textos de Philip Coombs, considerado o pioneiro no uso do termo educação não formal, como recomendação para superação da crise na educação. Em ambos os movimentos, o nacional e internacional, é possível identificar a gênese dessa forma social que se configura pela associação entre Estado, entidades privadas e sociedade civil. Essa forma altera os agentes e as finalidades de uma educação voltada às classes populares. A prevalência dessa forma social apresenta-se em outros momentos-chave da história da educação não formal, sobretudo na década de 1990, com o crescimento do terceiro setor, das ONGs e das fundações e institutos empresariais. ; This article presents a research that considered as a hypothesis a critical interpretation of the history of non-formal education in Brazil. Here we address its emergence linked to a conservative project to mitigate the strength of popular education during the period of the military dictatorship. The investigation started from such indications and from a methodological proposal of political sociology that refers to the study of hegemonic social forms to search for links of such process in the history of non-formal education. The following presentation discusses the results of an investigation based on bibliographic and documental research. On the one hand, this process is specified by the replacement of adult education programs developed in the early 1960s, amid popular culture movements, which had Paulo Freire as a reference, by the institution of Mobral (Brazilian Movement of Literation). On the other hand, the examination of UNESCO's documents, especially from the texts of Philip Coombs, considered the pioneer in the use of the term non-formal education, as a recommendation to overcoming a crisis in education. In both movements, national and international, it is possible to identify the genesis of this social form configured by the association between the State, private entities, and civil society. This form changes the agents and purposes of an education aimed at the popular classes. The prevalence of this social form appears at other key moments in the history of non-formal education, especially in the 1990s, with the growth of the third sector, NGOs and business foundations and institutes.
RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a frequência e a distribuição de transtornos mentais. Método: estudo quantitativo, epidemiológico, de natureza descritiva e corte transversal, a ser realizado em Maceió (AL). Os dados serão coletados com a aplicação do questionário MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), Brazilian Version 5.0.0, e a qualidade de vida será avaliada por meio do World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), abreviado. Os dados obtidos serão processados e tabulados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 18.0. Serão realizadas análises estatísticas bivariadas e regressão logística multivariada para as variáveis de interesse. Os resultados serão apresentados em figuras e tabelas e os dados serão analisados à luz da literatura. O projeto do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (Ufal), sob o Protocolo n. 608.613, de 18/03/2014. Resultados esperados: auxiliar as autoridades governamentais, colhendo e analisando dados importantes para o planejamento de ações preventivas e de intervenções junto à população em questão. Descritores: Epidemiologia; Transtornos Mentais; Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias; Comportamento Aditivo; Morbidade. ABSTRACT Objective: describing the frequency and distribution of mental disorders. Method: quantitative, epidemiological, study with descriptive design and cross-sectional approach, to be conducted in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Data will be collected by applying the questionnaire MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), Brazilian Version 5.0.0, and quality of life will be assessed by using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), brief. The data obtained will be processed and tabulated using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 18.0. Bivariate statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression will be performed for the variables of interest. Results will be presented into figures and tables and data will be analyzed in the light of literature. The study project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), under the Protocol 608,613, signed on 03/18/2014. Expected results: assist government authorities, by collecting and analyzing significant data for planning preventive actions and interventions along with the population concerned. Descriptors: Epidemiology; Mental Disorders; Substance Abuse Detection; Addictive Behavior; Morbidity. RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la frecuencia y la distribución de trastornos mentales. Método: estudio cuantitativo, epidemiológico, de naturaleza descriptiva y corte transversal, que se llevará a cabo en Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. Los datos serán recogidos mediante la aplicación del cuestionario MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), Brazilian Version 5.0.0, y la calidad de vida será evaluada mediante el uso del World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), abreviado. Los datos obtenidos serán procesados y tabulados utilizando el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 18.0. Se llevarán a cabo análisis estadísticos bivariados y regresión logística multivariada para las variables de interés. Los resultados serán presentados en figuras y tablas y los datos serán analizados a la luz de la literatura. El proyecto de estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Federal de Alagoas (Ufal), bajo el Protocolo 608.613, de 18/03/2014. Resultados esperados: auxiliar a las autoridades gubernamentales, mediante la recogida y el análisis de datos importantes para la planificación de acciones preventivas e intervenciones junto a la población de que se trate. Descriptores: Epidemiología; Trastornos Mentales; Detección de Abuso de Sustancias; Conducta Adictiva; Morbilidad. ; ABSTRACT Objective: describing the frequency and distribution of mental disorders. Method: quantitative, epidemiological, study with descriptive design and cross-sectional approach, to be conducted in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Data will be collected by applying the questionnaire MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), Brazilian Version 5.0.0, and quality of life will be assessed by using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), brief. The data obtained will be processed and tabulated using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 18.0. Bivariate statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression will be performed for the variables of interest. Results will be presented into figures and tables and data will be analyzed in the light of literature. The study project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), under the Protocol 608,613, signed on 03/18/2014. Expected results: assist government authorities, by collecting and analyzing significant data for planning preventive actions and interventions along with the population concerned. Descriptors: Epidemiology; Mental Disorders; Substance Abuse Detection; Addictive Behavior; Morbidity. RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a frequência e a distribuição de transtornos mentais. Método: estudo quantitativo, epidemiológico, de natureza descritiva e corte transversal, a ser realizado em Maceió (AL). Os dados serão coletados com a aplicação do questionário MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), Brazilian Version 5.0.0, e a qualidade de vida será avaliada por meio do World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), abreviado. Os dados obtidos serão processados e tabulados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 18.0. Serão realizadas análises estatísticas bivariadas e regressão logística multivariada para as variáveis de interesse. Os resultados serão apresentados em figuras e tabelas e os dados serão analisados à luz da literatura. O projeto do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (Ufal), sob o Protocolo n. 608.613, de 18/03/2014. Resultados esperados: auxiliar as autoridades governamentais, colhendo e analisando dados importantes para o planejamento de ações preventivas e de intervenções junto à população em questão. Descritores: Epidemiologia; Transtornos Mentais; Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias; Comportamento Aditivo; Morbidade. RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la frecuencia y la distribución de trastornos mentales. Método: estudio cuantitativo, epidemiológico, de naturaleza descriptiva y corte transversal, que se llevará a cabo en Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. Los datos serán recogidos mediante la aplicación del cuestionario MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus), Brazilian Version 5.0.0, y la calidad de vida será evaluada mediante el uso del World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), abreviado. Los datos obtenidos serán procesados y tabulados utilizando el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 18.0. Se llevarán a cabo análisis estadísticos bivariados y regresión logística multivariada para las variables de interés. Los resultados serán presentados en figuras y tablas y los datos serán analizados a la luz de la literatura. El proyecto de estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Federal de Alagoas (Ufal), bajo el Protocolo 608.613, de 18/03/2014. Resultados esperados: auxiliar a las autoridades gubernamentales, mediante la recogida y el análisis de datos importantes para la planificación de acciones preventivas e intervenciones junto a la población de que se trate. Descriptores: Epidemiología; Trastornos Mentales; Detección de Abuso de Sustancias; Conducta Adictiva; Morbilidad.
The author discusses the progressive transformation of the cyberspace into one more battleground for international conflicts. The article begins with an analysis of the concept of cyber war, and a discussion about the difficulties of establishing a rigorous conceptualisation within the framework of the Law of Armed Conflict/International Humanitarian Law. Then, the capabilities and vulnerabilities of great powers are also object of analysis, and the complex role of non-state actors in cyber conflicts. The article ends with a discussion about the difficulty of assessing the economic impact of cyber attacks. Adapted from the source document.
