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Not Available ; The paper highlights the glimpses on gender mainstreaming in Indian marine fisheries sector focusing attention on the gender equity and equality emphasized in the Indian context. Gender empowerment paradigm has been explored along with emphasizing the three pillars such as economic empowerment, well- being and decision making. Policy and programs for aquaculture development in India also have been given a vivid explanation followed by mariculture sector. The mariculture potential of India is vast as there is great scope for developing farming of shrimps, pearl oysters, mussels, crabs, lobsters, sea bass, groupers, mullets, milkfish, rabbit fish, sea cucumber, ornamental fishes, seaweeds etc. Although about 1.2 million ha is suitable for land based saline aquaculture in India, currently only 13 % is utilized. Important legislations in the Mariculture farming systems prevalent in India have been explored step by step with data on involvement of men and women in Marine Fisheries and Mariculture. All the mariculture technologies conspicuously being disseminated by CentalMarine Fisheries Research Institute with involvement of women and those possessing potential for women's participation such as mussel farming, edible oyster farming, pearl oyster farming and pearl production, clam culture, lobster farming and fattening, crab farming / fattening, sea cucumber culture, marine finfish culture, ornamental fish culture, seaweed culture, open sea cage farming etc have been explained. The paper also highlights the gender issues and challenges in mariculture and marine fisheries sector in India and the future direction to proceed further. No nation can ignore fifty per cent of its population and bring in social change and economic prosperity. To ensure rapid economic development, removal of gender imbalances should be established as a priority. This would mobilize the remaining fifty percent of the country's human resources and would result in the smooth movement of the economic wheel. Integrating gender perspective in aquaculture research and technology development is inevitable because the gender mainstreaming approach advances gender equality and equity in the society. Equity is a means and equality is a result. There is a genuine need for integrating gender perspective in development works or in aquaculture extension also because women are the important stakeholders of our development process and our Extension system hardly targets the women folk for technological empowerment. ; Not Available

Working Group III (WGIII) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is charged with assessing scientific research related to the mitigation of climate change. 'Mitigation' is the effort to control the human sources of climate change and their cumulative impacts, notably the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants, such as black carbon particles, that also affect the planet's energy balance. Mitigation also includes efforts to enhance the processes that remove GHGs from the atmosphere, known as sinks. Because mitigation lowers the anticipated effects of climate change as well as the risks of extreme impacts, it is part of a broader policy strategy that includes adaptation to climate impacts - a topic addressed in more detail in WGII. There is a special role for international cooperation on mitigation policies because most GHGs have long atmospheric lifetimes and mix throughout the global atmosphere. The effects of mitigation policies on economic growth, innovation, and spread of technologies and other important social goals also implicate international concern because nations are increasingly inter-linked through global trade and economic competition. The economic effects of action by one nation depend, in part, on the action of others as well. Yet, while climate change is fundamentally a global issue, the institutions needed for mitigation exist at many different domains of government, including the local and national level. This chapter introduces the major issues that arise in mitigation policy and also frames the rest of the WGIII Contribution to the AR5. First we focus on the main messages since the publication of AR4 in 2007. Then we look at the historical and future trends in emissions and driving forces, noting that the scale of the mitigation challenge has grown enormously since 2007 due to rapid growth of the world economy and the continued lack of much overt effort to control emissions. This trend raises questions about the viability of widely discussed goals such as limiting climate warming to 2 degrees Celsius since the pre-industrial period. Then we look at the conceptual issues - such as sustainable development, green growth, and risk management - that frame the mitigation challenge and how those concepts are used in practice. Finally, we offer a roadmap for the rest of the volume.

Die Abschlussarbeit "Die Linke: A Political Discourse Analysis" versucht zu verstehen a) wie und mit welchen Mitteln Sprache in der Politik strategisch genutzt wird, um Wähler zu beeinflussen b) welcher sozialer und politischer Kontext sich auf die Bildung von politischen Diskursen auswirkt c) welche Art von Effekten politische Diskurse auf aktuelle 'policy making' Prozesse haben. Analysiert wird die Partei Die Linke. Das Ziel der Studie ist nicht, der schon existierenden Literatur über Die Linke, welche versucht den Erfolg der Partei mit dem rückläufigen wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand der Massen und dem erfolglosen 'policy making' der anderen Parteien zu erklären, zu widersprechen. Um den Aufstieg von Die Linke besser verständlich zu machen, sollen jedoch linguistische Dimensionen der Analyse hinzugefügt werden. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, untersucht die Arbeit zuerst die diskursiven Strategien eines ausgewählten Texts und diskutiert anschließend die kontextualen Auswirkungen auf die beobachteten Strategien, in dem die Grundlagen der Kritischen Diskurs Analyse herangezogen werden. Die zentrale Hypothese dieser Untersuchung ist, dass der politische Diskurs von Die Linke als Teil einer politischen Strategie betrachtet werden sollte, welche versucht gegenhegemoniale diskursive Praktiken zu kreieren und darauf abzielt Prozesse des 'policy-making' zu beeinflussen. Dass Die Linke erfolgreich die Lücke im linken Spektrum füllen konnte, hängt nicht nur mit dem erfolglosen 'policy-making' der anderen Parteien zusammen, sondern ist auch der Kompetenz der Partei, Wähler mit Hilfe von politischen Diskursen zu beeinflussen, geschuldet. ; The thesis 'Die Linke: A Political Discourse Analysis' tries to understand a) how and by which means language in politics can be strategically used in order to influence voters b) what kind of social and political context have an influence on the formation of political discourses and c) what kind of effects do political discourses have on actual policy making processes on the basis of the analysis of The Left Party (Die Linke in German). The overall aim of this study is not to oppose the already existing literature on Die Linke, which try to explain the party's success with the declining economic prosperity of the masses and the unsuccessful policy making of its opponents but to add the linguistic dimension to the analysis in order to understand the rise of Die Linke more comprehensively. In order to achieve this aim, the research first identifies the discursive strategies of the selected text and then discusses the contextual impacts on the observed discursive strategies by adopting the main principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. The main hypothesis of this research is that political discourses of Die Linke should be considered as a part of the political strategy which tries to create counter-hegemonic discursive practices and aims to affect policy-making process. Die Linke's success for filling the gap in the left is not only dependent on other parties' unsuccessful policy-making but also on the party's capacity to influence voters by its political discourses.

In the period of the 20th century we witnessed the new shape of the pattern of Malaysian society. The British developed the peninsular Malaysian economy on a pattern based on the production of raw materials for export such as rubber, timber, oil-palm, iron ore and tin, while foodstuffs and manufactured goods were imported from the metropolitan centres. Ironically, it has been argued that the local Malay population for political, cultural and other reasons was not interested in selling its labour force in these export oriented industries and therefore cheap immigrant labourers from China and India were brought in large numbers. Thus a multi-ethnic society was created; the Malays, the Chinese, the Indians and others working in different jobs but living side by side in apparent harmony. One of the least known developments of the period was the growing political consciousness among both the indigenous and the immigrant population. Islamic reformists (a West Asian and Indian phenomenon) and Chinese revolutionary ideas found enthusiastic support among segments of the people here. Most of the Malay reformists confined their campaign to the press and the few religious schools, better known as Sekolah Pondok (or Huts School) which they had established. Until now most Malaysians have categorised themselves and others by communal categories, which usually take preference over class, regional, and employment basis, among other things. To explore and identify these communal issues we shall look at and examine some of its indicators such as the profile of ethnicity, inter-communal relations, organisation of communal politics, the use of symbols system, the language issue, and the economics growth and its distribution. This paper, which is the analysis of the Malaysian style of the conflict management process, will survey the methods and techniques used to overcome the problem. This is necessary if we are to understand the nature of the conflict management process in Malaysia. This paper will look at how the government institutionalised and socialised the local wisdom values (particularly at the community level) as a mechanism in conflict management and how it has developed. Management of the conflict and promotion of ethnic unity as well as national integration cannot be achieved just by ad hoc experiments but through careful planning in the various aspects of the social life of society. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p330

In the dissertation, I explore the translation, publishing, and marketing process of Arabic novels in English. My research examines how translations of Arabic novels are produced as a commodity within a globalized publishing industry and circulate in a highly-charged political context. In the process, these novels--and the individuals involved in making them--produce, resist, respond to, and incorporate ideas and representations of the Arab world in the West or English-speaking world. The dissertation asks what kind of translation is possible in a cultural and political landscape shaped by wars, sanctions, media stereotypes, and histories of colonization. In each of my chapters, I address the specific practices of translation, editing, and branding that produce the novel as a global commodity that serves as an interface between the West and the Arab world. My ethnographic research was primarily conducted in Cairo, Egypt in 2010, where I worked at the American University in Cairo Press, the largest publisher of translations from Arabic to English. While there, I conducted extensive interviews and fieldwork with translators and Egyptian authors. My research examines the broader context of Arabic novels in English translation as they circulate in the politicized public sphere of the West. How are political and social elements incorporated into the text through lexical items that index cultural ephemera? How do novels as contingently-constructed objects move and circulate? Translation, as I discuss it here, is a process that extends beyond the text to include the creation of equivalence across cultural differences, differing business models and histories, varying concepts of art and literature, as well as material differences that shape the production, circulation, and reception of these novels. In doing this, my work intervenes in the scholarly literature around globalization, transnationalism, and circulation in two central ways. First, I argue that translation is a kind of scale-making project that works to move between and reconstruct local and global spheres. Second, I argue that translation renders certain elements mobile and other immobile, enabling some aspects (of language, culture, experience, and so on) to circulate while creating others as fixed. In this way, translation emerges as a key site for thinking about the construction of the global and local in the contemporary moment.

In the aftermath of Cold War, the system of United Nations (UN) Peace Missions assumed new proportions, by adjusting the nature of political developments, which characterized the international relations stage in this period. In the peace-keeping agenda of these missions, special focus was given to issues related to "international state-building" in the post-conflict situations, as well as attempts to prevent and manage consequences of the state's failure. In pursuit of these goals and as part of this agenda, it is believed that liberal western values, especially as part of the "liberal peace thesis", have become ever more widespread and commonplace. The models of state-building, according to this thesis, include combination of values of liberal democracy and principles of the market economy, as precondition to overall social development, which would contribute to long-term peace. According to this conception According to this conception, it is clear that the transitional process from war to peace and that of state-building, in addition to the political dimensions, also has significant economic dimensions. Therefore, the authors of this study are focused on and aim to analyze and explain the role the economic sector plays in the construction and functioning of the state system in a post-conflict society, as is the case of Kosovo. At the contextual level, the study consists of understanding the role played by UNMIK, as international administration, in the direction of this sector. One part of the study is dedicated to analysing immediate and long-term strategies and approaches of the peacekeeping mission, aimed at reconstruction, i.e. the development of the economic sector from scratch, which would impact directly and indirectly on the creation of an enabling socio-political environment for a lasting peace. But the rest of the study focuses on macroeconomic indicators such as GDP level, monetary policy, as well as import and export situation (trade balance, which realistically reflects the current status of economic development in Kosovo, as well as for measuring the gap between the expected targets and achieved concrete results. This means that these indicators reflect the degree of success or failure of the mission in relation to the fulfillment of this objective. Finally, by analysing the previous and current results, we will try to explain development trends of Kosovo's economy in the short-term.

For about 190 years (from 1757-1947) India had been under the colonial rule. It is only after several years of freedom movement under different leaders that the nation achieved its independence on the 15th day of august, 1947. And on the 26th day of January, 1950 the constitution of India has come into force and more than six decades have passed since then. The constitution in its preamble resolved to secure to all its citizens:Justice, social, economic and political;Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;Equality of status, opportunity; and to promote among them all;Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and integrity of the Nation (Basu, 2004:21).Article 14 of the Constitution affirms that 'the state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India' (Basu, 2004:87). Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Basu, 2004:92). And the 16th Article provides equality of opportunities in matters of public employment. Because of being a fundamental right a citizen can approach the court in denial of provisions of those articles. Gandhiji during his life time supported participation of women in politics. They were also welcomed to join the resistance movement against the British rule. However, their political participation was encouraged only in so far as they supported the traditional gender hierarchy. As long as they did not sacrifice their traditional duties such as wives, daughter and sister their participation in the political life was not restricted. But as soon as they cross their limit their activism was discouraged. The true fact is that the de jure equality granted by the Indian Constitution had not been translated into reality and large masses of women had remained unaffected by the rights granted to them. This paper makes a humble attempt to understand the representation of women and their role in the political process of the country. However, it will not cover other aspects of political participation like votings, political campaigns, strikes etc. which directly and indirectly influences the political process of the country.

The name "comic" is a result of the often comic tales that were told in the short image sequences or pictures. These short image sequences are called as comic strips. Besides the many humorous series, there are all kinds of comics which have the political, social or violent content. Although we think that only children and youths read comics, both children and youths and adults prefer to follow and read these comics which have different themes . Comics are popular culture whose origin taken as part of the Sunday newspapers, and today have great importance in children and youth's literature. The aim of this study is to make an introduction, what are objectives and significance of comics, which properties are available of comics e.g. Speech bubbles, writing or pictures . etc. and to compare the history of comics in America, Germany and Turkey. The origin of comics based on the cave paintings, frescoes, statues and tapestries. It was dealing with symbols in the cave paintings, frescoes, statues and tapestries and tells a story with the pictures. In this context, "The Yellow Kid" of Richard Felton Outcault is the first comic strip and the birthplace of comics is America. That is why comics have remained in Germany and Turkey under the influence of America. The Italian products have had great impact in Turkey. Nevertheless, their own comics developed both in Germany and in Turkey. Abstrakt Der Name "Comic" ist eine Folge der oft komischen Erzählungen, die in den kurzen Bildabfolgen oder Bilder erzählt wurden. Diese kurzen Bildabfolgen wird man als Comic Strips genannt. Neben den zahlreichen humoristischen Serien gibt es jede Art von Comics, die politischen, gewaltverherrlichenden oder gesellschaftlichen Inhalte haben. Diese Comics, die unterschiedlichen Themen haben, werden von sowohl Kinder und Jugendlich als auch Erwachsenen lieber gefolgt und gelesen, obwohl man denkt, dass nur Kinder und Jugendlich Comics lesen. Comics sind populäre Kultur, die Ursprung als Bestandteil der Sonntagszeitungen nehmen, und haben heutzutage große Bedeutung in der Kinder und Jugend Literatur. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist eine Einführung zu machen, was Ziel und Bedeutung von Comics sind, welche Eigenschaften Comics vorliegen, z.B. Sprechblasen, Schreiben oder Bilder etc. und zu vergleichen die Geschichte von Comics in Amerika, Deutschland und in der Türkei. Der Ursprung der Comics beruht auf die Höhlenmalereien, Fresken, Bildsäulen und Bildteppiche. Mit Symbolen in den Höhlenmalereien, Fresken, Bildsäulen und Bildteppiche wurde es sich beschäftigt und mit den Bildern eine Geschichte erzählt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist "The Yellow Kid (Das gelbe Kind)" von Richard Felton Outcault der erste Comicstrip und der Geburtsort von Comics ist Amerika. Deswegen sind Comics in Deutschland und in der Türkei unter dem Einfluss von Amerika geblieben. Auch die italienischen Produkte hatten große Wirkung in der Türkei. Trotzdem entwickelten eigene Comics sich sowohl in Deutschland als auch in der Türkei.

The article is concerned with the dissemination of the Stalinist official ideology in Soviet Lithuania in 1944–1957, the manifestations and impact of the personality cult of Stalin on society, and the causes of its late dismantling. In the Stalinist years Lithuania was a new periphery of the USSR that lost no time in taking over the centre "experience" in all spheres, forcibly moved closer to political and social standards of the state whose part it became. Due to the scanty membership of the LCP and the short time period Stalinist ideology proliferation did not acquire "national" specific – propagandists' practical needs were satisfied by short ideological texts translated from Russian and adapted, while the Stalin personality cult, the main component of the period, was also expressed by images flourishing in the Soviet Union and standardized forms, except the original contribution of Lithuanian poets. At the beginning of 1956 the Stalin cult was officially denounced in the USSR, in Soviet Lithuania it was falling into decline slowly and "peacefully", not publicising the crimes committed by the Stalinist system. Respect for this name was expressed until November 1961, i. e., only the removal of Stalin's mummy from the mausoleum in Moscow finally signalled to the leadership of Soviet Lithuania that at last it was necessary to change the names of kolkhozes, streets and newspapers, and to dismantle monuments. Such slow disappearance of the Stalin cult (avoiding criticism of the system itself and not publicising its "shortcomings") helped to suppress public hopes, preserved the regime's stability, and gave time to grasp the direction of the evolution of the system. Slight public interest in future political changes after 1956 shows that the post-war reprisals bore fruit – the situation in Soviet Lithuania was 178 Stalininis režimas Lietuvoje 1944–1953 m. controlled and larger "excesses" were avoided. On the other hand the indifference of Lithuanian society for the future of the SSSR demonstrated that it was not permeated by Soviet ideology and Soviet patriotism. The Stalinist system that was brutally enforced as though "jumped" over the consequent stage of the public indoctrination therefore during later Soviet time it was faced with the weaknesses of its own ideology and the vitality of "bourgeois nationalism".

Schools should be active partners in the process of building entrepreneurship as well as fostering entrepreneurs, new heroes for the future! The role of the educational leader is important to reflect on this aspect of the major changes. Can the leader turn apparent problems into challenges, and challenges into creative opportunities? This paper is a presentation of results from research based on interviews with school leaders who have also been students at courses in pedagogical entrepreneurship. The course has been designed with a special purpose in mind: the implementation of entrepreneurial measures at the student's own school in order to help promote entrepreneurship at the school. The importance of the ability to exercise entrepreneurial activity in society is that it forms the basis of achieving economic growth and social security. This well-documented principle applies both to industrialised countries and to countries that are undergoing intensive development. Within the commercial sector it is not unusual even today to see entrepreneurship defined narrowly in terms of establishing companies. But research also demonstrates important links between education, creative business development and production quality. When it can be documented that entrepreneurial training yield an increase in entrepreneurs who can produce qualitatively better results, this will naturally be an important justification for new investment. This paper is also based on a concentrated survey of literature in addition to an empirical study. So – our research question is: What kind of leadership needs an entrepreneurial school? Entrepreneurship is on the agenda in various contexts within the Norwegian society. However this is not typical for Norway, but because of a lack of an entrepreneurial culture, and the importance to have a leading edge in this development, a goal must be to strengthen the competitive ability in schools through emphasising entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a mindset as well as a force behind developing activities in schools and society. In Norway curriculum for entrepreneurship has been a growing field of interest among politicians, in universities, colleges, and in public school. To start a discussion on entrepreneurship in schools, it should be useful to look at definitions of entrepreneurial education. How is entrepreneurship education defined, and what are the critical components of entrepreneurial training in different contexts? Entrepreneurship education needs to be defined more broadly than business management in that it includes fostering creativity and innovation, traits not normally nurtured in a standard business environment.

Protecting consumers' rights set higher standards on the rights of security compared with other participants of civil turnover, so the concept of consumer acquires not only theoretical but also practical significance. Definition of consumer must be sufficiently clear and precise as the proper subject of classification depends on what rules will apply to legal relationships arising. To this purpose, the concept of consumer is formulated as the concept of both the European Union and national legislation. Both presented the concept of consumer that is defined in accordance with the formal characteristics and prejudices that individuals are the weaker party without the actual value of that person experiences and knowledge and so on. Legal doctrine voiced different conception of the position of the consumer. Therefore, based on existing approaches to consumer protection, it is possible to form a separate consumer's perception of concepts such as social role of situational security concept, the concept of hybrid user model. ; Vartotojų teises ginančios normos nustato didesnes jų teisių apsaugos garantijas palyginti su kitais civilinės apyvartos dalyviais, todėl vartotojo sąvoka įgyja ne tik teorinę, bet ir praktinę reikšmę. Vartotojo sąvoka turi būti pakankamai aiški ir tiksli, kadangi nuo tinkamo subjekto kvalifikavimo priklauso, kokios teisės normos bus taikomos atsiradusiems teisiniams santykiams. Tuo tikslu vartotojo samprata yra formuluojama ir Europos Sąjungos, ir nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose. Juose pateikiama vartotojo samprata yra apibrėžta formaliais požymiais ir laikantis išankstinės nuostatos, kad fiziniai asmenys yra silpnesnė šalis, neteikiant reikšmės tikrajam šio asmens patyrimui, žinioms ir kt. Teisės doktrinoje išsakomos įvairios pozicijos vartotojo sampratos klausimu. Todėl remiantis esamu požiūriu į vartotojų teisių apsaugą, galima suformuoti atskiras vartotojo sampratos koncepcijas, tokias kaip socialinio vaidmens, situacinės apsaugos koncepcijos, mišrus vartotojo sampratos modelis. Socialinio vaidmens teorijoje požiūris į vartotoją grindžiamas jo socialiniu vaidmeniu, t. y. atsižvelgiant į tai, koks vaidmuo jam tenka sutarties sudarymo metu. Asmuo laikomas silpnesniu vien todėl, kad jam tenka vartotojo vaidmuo – buvimas vartotoju rodo jo silpnumą. Situacinės apsaugos koncepcijoje laikomasi pozicijos, kad apsaugos poreikį nulemia faktinės aplinkybės, nepriklausomai nuo sutarties šalies ekonominio vaidmens arba socialinių sąlygų. Todėl visi teisės subjektai, kurių nelygiavertės situacijos, pretenduoja į didesnę teisinę apsaugą. Mišrioje vartotojo sampratos koncepcijoje pabrėžiamas vienos iš šalių pažeidžiamumas, kurį lemia konkreti situacija. Mišri vartotojo sampratos koncepcija leidžia atsižvelgti į sutartį sudarančio asmens socialinį vaidmenį ir į jo patyrimą, informuotumą esant konkrečiai situacijai.

The safeguarding of credit represents one of the most important economic and juridical challenges for every complex society. Just by reading the news we can realize how current this topic is for us. By thinking back over the history of ideas and the social, economic, and political reasons that got Law makers to legislate on this subject, we can better understand what's happening today and in which direction our societies are going. An analysis of the Italian juridical system's development on bankruptcy proceedings, starting from the attitude of ancient Roman law on over-indebtedness, can effectively shine light on the current regulation, reformed in 2006. This new bankruptcy law transforms the previous public nature of bankruptcy proceedings into a prevailingly private management of enterprises' financial problems, completely changing the course of credit policy. The "Italian way" is just one result of an international trend, the guiding lines of which can be seen throughout the whole EU and also in the regulation of the USA. This historical-comparative perspective, in all its positive and negative potentiality, is an important paradigm. The final hope is that historians can perhaps give their contribution to more conscious reflections on important topics like this one, offering to other scholars the possibility to have a wider view on this juridical phenomenon. ; Kredito apsauga – vienas iš svarbiausių ekonominių ir teisinių aspektų kiekvienoje visuomenėje. Vos paskaitę žinias galime suvokti, kokia aktuali ši tema yra ir mums. Išanalizavus idėjų bei socialinių, ekonominių ir politinių priežasčių, paskatinusių įstatymų leidėją šiuo klausimu priimti tam tikrus sprendimus, istoriją galima lengviau suprasti, kokie procesai šiuo metu vyksta ir kokie mūsų visuomenės ekonominiai, politiniai ir socialiniai poslinkiai. Apžvelgus Italijos teisinės sistemos raidą reglamentuojant įmonių bankroto procedūras, pradedant nuo antikinės Romos įstatyme įtvirtinto požiūrio į pernelyg didelį įsiskolinimą, galima aiškiai pamatyti 2006 m. reformuoto dabartinio reglamentavimo pranašumus ir trūkumus. Pradėjus veikti naujajam bankroto įstatymui, ankstesnis bankroto procedūrų pobūdis tapo labiau panašaus į privatų įmonių finansinio nuosmukio valdymą visiškai pakeičiant kreditų apsaugos tvarką. "Itališkasis būdas" – tik vienas tarptautinės tendencijos rezultatas, kurio pasekmės pastebimos ne tik visoje Europos Sąjungoje, bet ir Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose. Didžiausia viltis, jog istorikai galbūt gali pradėti mokslinius panašių temų svarstymus ir suteikti galimybę kitiems mokslininkams plačiau pažvelgti į minėtus teisinius fenomenus.

After more than half a century, the reflections of Albert O. Hirschman on development assistance, the role of consultant "experts" in providing policy advice and the "visiting economist's syndrome" are still very current. In as much as Hirschman argued against all-encompassing policy frameworks, overall development plans and universal models, "one-size-fits-all" models abstracting from the local, historical, geographic and institutional conditions have remained the prevailing modus operandi of international development agencies and governments in development assistance. In spite of Paul Krugman's criticism of Hirschman's lack of a mathematically-consistent approach in favor of an ad hoc pragmatism, Hirschman's avoidance of assuming a toy model to deal with practical issues and the specificities of development problems in different countries – while still using rigorous and detailed analysis– appears to be a promising attitude of enormous relevance even today. If the rejection of large-scale models of the hey days of development theory was due to the neoliberal policy wave that led to the "Washington consensus" – more market and less State –, development assistance has remained firmly entrenched in the principles of balanced growth, all-encompassing liberalizing policy reforms and diffused marketization with an increasingly limited role for the State. Development assistance approaches have maintained a standard list of prescriptions, policy-reform recipes for all sectors, social, institutional and even political objectives, under the justification that "everything depends on everything". In this paper, I briefly review the evidence regarding the active pursuit of a paradigm that, sidelining Hirschman's unorthodox approach, has confirmed that we have "forgotten nothing and learned nothing", as Hirschman once said. While Hirschmanian concepts like "linkages" and "leading sectors" and some of his famous parables – like the "tunnel effect" on inequality – have left an enduring mark on economists' perspectives, his "unbalanced-growth" has been dismissed on ineffectual grounds, while his "empirical lantern" has been derided and abandoned. The lessons of Hirschman's consultant experience in the tropics have left a legacy that goes beyond his prescriptions: it is a philosophy, a conception of the world, a guiding sets of principles that survives time. From that wilderness where Hirschman led his followers, it is only by re-igniting that lantern that we can wisely contribute to the "development" of others as savvy and informed "experts".

O campo da saúde global articula um diversificado leque de atores que trabalham para resolver problemas prementes de saúde em todo o mundo, com recursos financeiros e tecnológicos sem precedentes e munidos de agendas das mais variadas. Apesar das iniciativas em saúde global estarem crescendo de forma expressiva e deslocando enquadramentos anteriores do campo (como a medicina tropical ou saúde internacional), as análises críticas dos processos sociais, políticos e econômicos associados a essa expansão ainda são escassas. Neste artigo sustentamos, a partir de uma perspectiva que leva em conta os sujeitos, que o campo da saúde global é uma "anarquia de código aberto". Em geral, perdem-se de vista os supostos beneficiários das intervenções, que aparecem como tendo pouco a dizer e nada a contribuir. Argumentamos por uma abordagem mais abrangente e centrada nas pessoas, demonstrando o papel crucial da etnografia como lanterna empírica na saúde global. Ao mudar a ênfase das doenças às pessoas e seus contextos e do acesso de cima para baixo para a equidade, temos a oportunidade de definir uma agenda humana que simultaneamente confronta realisticamente os desafios que enfrentamos e expande nossa visão sobre o futuro das comunidades globais. ; The field of Global Health brings together a vastly diverse array of actors working to address pressing health issues worldwide with unprecedented financial and technological resources and informed by various agendas. While Global Health initiatives are booming and displacing earlier framings of the field (such as tropical medicine or international health), critical analyses of the social, political, and economic processes associated with this expanding field — an "open source anarchy" on the ground — are still few and far between. In this essay, we contend that, among the powerful players of Global Health, the supposed beneficiaries of interventions are generally lost from view and appear as having little to say or nothing to contribute. We make the case for a more comprehensive and people-centered approach and demonstrate the crucial role of ethnography as an empirical lantern in Global Health. By shifting the emphasis from diseases to people and environments, and from trickle-down access to equality, we have the opportunity to set a humane agenda that both realistically confronts challenges and expands our vision of the future of global communities.

Includes bibliographical references. ; This thesis investigates the intellectual trajectory of the Brazilian feminist liberation theologian Ivone Gebara. Gebara's development and conceptualisation of the notion of 'immediacy' from a feminist perspective not only constitutes a central and critical feature of her theology, but also emerges as a key component in forging increased dialogue and cooperation between Southern and Northern ecofeminists. The immediate context of oppression experienced by poor Latin American women is the ground upon which Gebara has built her critique of patriarchal and apolitical Christian theological discourses, as well as capitalist ideologies. These multiple forms of oppression, Gebara argues, render women's experiences of marginalisation invisible or hidden within socio-cultural and economic-political immediate realities. This thesis proposes that the immediate reality of oppression lead Gebara to develop a specific methodological approach that is responsive to the experiences of women in particular. Gebara's praxis-orientated methodology also functions as a compass for the development of a political ecofeminist praxis. As Ivone Gebara's work demonstrates, the political aspect of theology can be injected into the core of emerging ecotheologies. In the process, ecofeminist theologians can work to bridge the gap between theory and praxis. This thesis argues that Gebara's ecofeminist theology represents the embodiment of a history of resistance underwritten by her own experiences and of those struggling to survive around her. Developed in recognition of the ever-changing nature of postcolonial contexts, Gebara's theology could be considered one that is constantly "on-the-move". In dialogue not only with Southern and Northern scholars who are concerned with ecological and social justice, this thesis is developed in dialogue with those working with postcolonial theory. Starting from the events that gave rise to ecofeminism in the Global North, this thesis analyses the under-researched development of ecofeminism in Latin America. Gebara's work highlights forms of emerging imperialist and colonialist behaviours as it is manifested in postcolonial contexts, such as her native country of Brazil. In highlighting this postcolonial factor, this thesis proposes a praxis-oriented methodology from a postcolonial perspective to restoring the political aspect of religion to the centre of emerging global ecofeminist theological discourse. Hence, this thesis draws attention to the under-researched work performed by Ivone Gebara and her role as an important mediator in global ecofeminism.