The global financial crisis has revealed structural weaknesses within Serbia's economic and social systems, which have heightened concerns for their long-term sustainability. The crisis has also been accompanied by a sharp decline in the national GDP, the deterioration of the national labour market, an increase in poverty rates, and adverse social consequences commonly pinned to economic frailty. Short-term measures to mitigate the negative effects of the crisis have only partially succeeded. Serbian social reforms in the previous decade incorporated profound changes to the state's pension and health care systems, unemployment protections, social welfare, etc. National social policies have likewise been reformed under the broader framework of European harmonization and the country's orientation towards EU accession. Yet the underwhelming results in all areas of social reform suggest that Serbia continues to fall further behind EU standards – a fact which has only intensified since the crisis began.
Background: Recent literature on recovery describes the process as deeply personal and unique to each individual. While there are aspects of recovery that are unique to each individual, this article argues that focusing solely on these overlooks the fact that recovery unfolds within a social and interpersonal context.Materials: Drawing from qualitative data, this article describes aspects of recovery that involve the contributions of others, the social environment and society.Discussion: These aspects of recovery include relationships, adequate material conditions and responsive services and supports.Conclusion: The authors consider the implications of these social factors for transforming psychiatric research and theory as well as for recovery-orientated practice.
The areas of personal genomics and citizen science draw on - and bring together - different cultures of producing and managing knowledge and meaning. They also cross local and global boundaries, are subjects and objects of transformation and mobility of research practices, evaluation and multi-stakeholder groups. Thirdly, they draw on logics of 'convergence': new links between, and new kinds of, stakeholders, spaces, knowledge, practices, challenges and opportunities. This themed collection of essays from nationally and internationally leading scholars and commentators advances and widens curr
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Abstract Thanks to the tumultuous development of digital technologies, nowadays we live in a world without boundaries, characterized by liquid communities that meet and collide, sometimes denying mutual recognition. We move in a communicative bulimia where information runs like in a circus where the sense and the value of 'communicating' are often lost, fuelling forms of misunderstanding, violence and exclusion that contribute to fuel discomfort and isolation. In the information and knowledge society, communication is increasingly discriminating for emancipation and empowerment of people, organizations, and communities. For this reason, in this essay, we intend to deepen both the evolution of the community's space through digital technologies and the value and role of the concept of empowerment applied to community development. The essence of the essay is to reflect on its social implications in terms of welfare communities and valorization of the heritage of relational goods that are constitutive of every social and community space.
The primary objective of this article is to observe the phenomenon of "anglicism" in the French language and to study the causes and the reasons for the frequent use of English borrowings. English, as an international language, influences French strongly despite the efforts of French purists to protect their language from it. This article describes and analyses the influence of the English language on the French language. It addresses the notion of franglais as a social phenomenon in French that can be observed at different levels of life. Borrowings from English, or anglicisms, represent one of the most important types of semantic neologisms in the French language. There are six types of anglicisms in French: semantic, lexical, syntactic, morphological, phonetic and graphical. The repeated use of borrowings in French results in the modification of their semantic structure according to the peculiarities and needs of the French language. Anglicisms in French acquire different shades of meaning. The most frequent English borrowings have the suffix –ing like shopping or camping. The English suffixes -are and -al have been transformed into the French suffixes -aire, -eur, -el, which are more typical for the French language. Many popular English words are used in the business sphere, not only in France but all over the world (brainstorming; mainstream; process; workshop; bullet points; burnout; conference call; desk; one-to-one). Language policy in France, with its main representative the Académie française, tries to control the redundant use of English words in this era of globalisation.
The primary objective of this article is to observe the phenomenon of "anglicism" in the French language and to study the causes and the reasons for the frequent use of English borrowings. English, as an international language, influences French strongly despite the efforts of French purists to protect their language from it. This article describes and analyses the influence of the English language on the French language. It addresses the notion of franglais as a social phenomenon in French that can be observed at different levels of life. Borrowings from English, or anglicisms, represent one of the most important types of semantic neologisms in the French language. There are six types of anglicisms in French: semantic, lexical, syntactic, morphological, phonetic and graphical. The repeated use of borrowings in French results in the modification of their semantic structure according to the peculiarities and needs of the French language. Anglicisms in French acquire different shades of meaning. The most frequent English borrowings have the suffix –ing like shopping or camping. The English suffixes -are and -al have been transformed into the French suffixes -aire, -eur, -el, which are more typical for the French language. Many popular English words are used in the business sphere, not only in France but all over the world (brainstorming; mainstream; process; workshop; bullet points; burnout; conference call; desk; one-to-one). Language policy in France, with its main representative the Académie française, tries to control the redundant use of English words in this era of globalisation.
Gender differences in alcohol consumption, that have been present and maintained for years are now being changed, particularly in countries going through the transition, and women are crossing the risk boundaries and coming closer in alcohol consumption to man. The abuse of alcohol and other substances in the last two decades has increased, especially in the young population, and among the stigmatized groups. The aim of this paper was to, through some sociological theories and epidemiological data, review possible factors affecting the mental health of women and men as well as abuse and alcohol dependence in terms of gender differences. Method - Review of sociological, socio-psychological and psychiatric studies dealing with gender dimensions of use, abuse and dependence on alcohol, its consequences and the level of stigmatization. Despite the results based on gender differences in the level of consumption, patterns of drinking and alcohol types, the consequences are similar at all levels of functioning - mental and physical, social, family, marital and professional. Gender differences in the use of alcohol and other PAS and alcohol dependence are reduced at the beginning of 21st century compared to the entire 20th century. Similar levels of alcohol use and addiction in men and women have not conditioned less stigmatization of female addicts, but they appear to be more stigmatized during the period of drinking and men living in traditional cultures during the period of treatment and abstinence. Negative stereotypes about male and female addicts are influenced strongly by social politics and social activities to reduce the stigma and allocate treatment funds.
In: Die Natur der Gesellschaft: Verhandlungen des 33. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Kassel 2006. Teilbd. 1 u. 2, p. 2944-2957
"Ziel des Vortrages ist es, das vorherrschende Menschenbild in der Soziologie zu untersuchen und das Problem einer kritischen Begrenzung des Sozialen aufzuwerfen. Als Bezugspunkt soll dabei die Theorie von Plessner dienen, deren Nutzen sich dadurch für die soziologische Theorie erschließen lässt. Obwohl die Soziologie, die Weber entworfen hat, zumeist als Humansoziologie verstanden wird, die allein menschliche Handlungen und Interaktionen zu untersuchen hätte, wird bei genauerer Betrachtung die Gewissheit, dass der Bereich des Sozialen mit dem Menschen zusammenfällt, problematisch. Wenn man zugrunde legt, dass Sozialität nur als historisch kontingent verstanden werden kann, wird fraglich, wie der Bereich des Sozialen begrenzt ist und welche Wesen als soziale Subjekte infrage kommen können: Denn es mag für moderne Gesellschaften zutreffend sein, dass nur Menschen soziale Personen sein können; anzunehmen, dies wäre ein generelles überzeitliches Charakteristikum von Gesellschaft, spräche gegen zahlreiche empirische Belege. Neben dem Argument der historischen und kulturellen Bedingtheit fordern verschiedene soziologische Ansätze die Frage heraus, ob Menschen tatsächlich einen exklusiven Akteursstatus besitzen und ferner Tieren oder Techniken nicht ebenso Akteursqualitäten zukommen. Weber selbst hat es als ein offenes Problem aufgefasst, ob nur Menschen oder auch Tiere (oder nur bestimmte Tiere) sozial handelnde Subjekte sind. Das Problem, das Weber skizziert hat, macht die Notwendigkeit deutlich, den Gegenstandsbereich des Sozialen in den Blick zu nehmen und die konsensuelle und implizit wirksame Begrenzung auf Menschen in Zweifel zu ziehen. Sofern menschliche Handlungssubjekte nicht von vornherein (unkritisch) als die einzig möglichen postuliert sind, wird es erforderlich, in einer sozialtheoretischen Grundlagenreflexion zu untersuchen, was unter Sozialität zu verstehen ist. Mit der Weiterentwicklung des Ansatzes von Plessner als Theorie personaler Vergesellschaftung kann das Problem der Intersubjektivität aufgegriffen werden. Fasst man die Theorie der exzentrischen Positionalität nicht als positive Anthropologie auf, besteht die Möglichkeit, eine allgemeine Reflexion auf die Bedingungen vorzunehmen, die gegeben sein müssen, damit ein soziales Verhältnis zustande kommen kann." (Autorenreferat)
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by various saprophytic living mold fungi belonging to genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Claviceps, Alternaria, and others. They are formed and accumulated as a result from proliferation of molds on a variety of food substrates under favorable environmental conditions, including a suitable temperature and humidity. The term 'mycotoxsin' is a combination from the Greek word mykos - fungus, mold, and the Latin word 'toxicum' - poison. For the first time, the term mycotoxins was used in England in 1960 after detecting of high mortality in young turkeys in a turkey farm close to London ('Turkey-X disease'). After the tests that were carried out, high contents of aflatoxins were found out in the peanut butter originating from Brazil that was added to the feed. (Blount, W. P. 1961, Allcroft et al., 1961). By now, the number of the mycotoxins known is over 400, and generally are identified more than 30 000 different metabolites produced by molds. ; BG; en; EFSAfocalpoint@mzh.government.bg
