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Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- ECONOMIC OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- NEAR-TERM POLICIES TO RESTORE MACROECONOMIC BALANCE -- A. Fiscal Policies -- B. Monetary, Financial Sector, and Exchange Rate Policies -- MEDIUM TERM: REBUILDING ECONOMIC BUFFERS AND TRANSITIONING TO PEACE -- A. Fiscal Policies and Debt Management -- B. Governance and Corruption -- C. Economic Diversification -- OTHER ISSUES -- A. Capacity Building -- B. Data for Surveillance -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Humanitarian Crisis in South Sudan -- 2. Prospects for an Upturn in Oil Production -- 3. Economic Diversification in South Sudan -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Economic Developments -- 2. Fiscal Developments -- 3. Monetary Developments -- 4. External Sector Developments -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2016/17-2022/23 -- 2a. Fiscal Operations of the Central Government, 2016/17-2022/23 -- 2b. Fiscal Operations of the Central Government, 2016/17-2022/23 -- 3. Monetary Accounts, June 2016-June 2021 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2016/17-2022/23 -- 5. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework, 2016/17-2023/24 -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of the IMF 2016 Article IV Consultation Recommendations -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- IV. Capacity Development Strategy for 2019-21 Summary -- CONTENTS -- RELATIONS WITH THE FUND -- WORK PROGRAM WITH PARTNER INSTITUTIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

When South Sudan gained independence in 2011, the whole world rejoiced. The country marked 10 years of independence on July 9, 2021, but on that occasion, as was the case for the previous decade, its people had very little to celebrate. The country had been gripped by both state violence and deadly ethnic feuds. The intense rifts in ethnic relations emanating from this cycle have become a major risk factor for mass atrocities. This paper aims to chronicle the atrocity crimes that have happened in South Sudan in the past 12 years, what drives them, and how they can be mitigated or stopped. It will also suggest what the international community can do to assist the South Sudanese to find justice, accountability for atrocity crimes and above all, how to reduce or end violence. The paper is based on a review of reports by human rights agencies, the United Nations agencies operating in South Sudan, independent researchers, academics and think tanks. It is also based on the author's first-hand knowledge of the context and on numerous interviews with South Sudanese. The goal, however, is not to ask: what lessons have been learned from the ongoing efforts in the country?