Conflicts may arise within countries as well as between different countries. Conflict is an integral component of human existence. Conflicts occur in the economic, political, social, ideological, military, managerial and other spheres of public life. Accordingly, the methods and ways of their settlement vary significantly. It is dangerous that both internal (intrastate) and external (interstate) conflicts reduce the country's ability to defend its own interests in the world. Under certain circumstances, such conflicts can be used by external and internal players as an instrument of pressure on the state leadership and encourage it to adopt decisions and agreements that are unfavorable for the country. The solution to any conflicts requires a deep understanding of both the nature of their occurrence and the dynamics of the flow. Today the most dangerous for Ukraine is the armed conflict in the Donbass. This conflict was provoked by the Russian Federation, which sees our country as a "buffer zone" against international military threats. The level of conflict in the zone of armed confrontation is very high. Negotiations at the international level and the efforts to resolve the conflict in Donbass did not bring the desired success. The citizens of Ukraine have no confidence in the successful completion of this conflict. It provokes a social apathy and aggression in Ukrainian society. The cessation of the armed conflict in Donbass is extremely important both for Ukraine and the entire world community. Now Ukraine is forced to develop a strategy of national self-preservation in the difficult and uncertain conditions of international security. Finding optimal answers to hybrid threats is a necessary precondition for maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our state.
It has been shown that in recent years in Ukraine the pressure of religious organizations on the legislative and executive authorities has increased and information campaigns and projects of anti-gender and anti-Ukrainian trends have been implemented. The author analyzed how in the regions staying under Russian informational pressure the religious fundamentalism shows the potential of development develop into religious extremism. It has been demonstrated that in Ukraine the gender aspects of security are not well-developed and are heavily influenced by religion. It has been shown that the lack of high-quality gender analytics significantly complicates the forecasting of social processes. The article deals with the question how religious fundamentalism manipulates women's security issues in favor of religious interests. It is noted that the pressure of pro-religious anti-gender movements on the authorities in Ukraine can lead to negative consequences, and that the establishment of a state policy based on religious perceptions of the world can threaten the country's internal security. It was concluded that in times of conflict, religious extremism does not recognize the rule of human rights and proclaims the primacy of religious customs over women's human rights. It is proved that, considering direct conflict with Russia, the spread of religious fundamentalism in Ukraine and the spread of structural gender violence will be relevant and require the immediate development of gender and biopolitical aspects of security. It was concluded that for the progressive democratic development of Ukraine, as well as safe living conditions and the well-being of its citizens, the security services should turn to gender analytics. It has been proven that, in order to protect their interests, religious leaders can initiate a departure from state-guaranteed compliance with international agreements on gender equality in all spheres of life. In this regard, Ukraine's implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1325 on Women, Peace, Security and the similar resolutions as well as Recommendations of the UN Committee on the Status of Women for Countries that have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, other UN instruments is important for Ukraine. Also important are the country's European commitments in the field of gender equality. In particular, the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) needs to be ratified.
Abstract.The purpose of the research – to reveal the origins of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict at the beginning of the XXIst century, its preconditions and circumstances. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, scientificity, authorial objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the history of the Russian-Ukrainian relations, based on previously unknown sources, it has been clarified how at the end of the XXth century the political leadership of the Russian Federation laid the foundations for the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in 2014. The Conclusions. Since 1991, the Russian leadership has effectively inflamed the conflict in some regions, including the Crimea, by "not allowing" Ukraine to be an independent state with the right to European development. At the same time, in order to damage the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, the Black Sea Fleet was used as the main lever of influence. It should be noted that the impact on the population of the Crimean peninsula, through the prism of events around the Black Sea Fleet, was carried out in many spheres, primarily, military, political, informational, linguistic, etc. In our opinion, in 1997 the resolution of the issue of the Black Sea Fleet division marked the fact that by this time the majority of the population of the territory of the Crimea had formed a negative attitude towards the Ukrainian authorities and, as a result, towards the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the rapid occupation of the Crimean peninsula in 2014 and the events in Donbass were a natural consequence of the unfriendly policy of the Russian political leadership towards Ukraine, which the leadership has been pursuing since 1991. Key words: Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Navy, the Black Sea Fleet, the Crimea, armed conflict. ; Анотація.Мета дослідження– розкрити витоки російсько-українського збройного конфлікту на початку ХХІ століття, його передумови та обставини.Методологія дослідження спирається на принципах історизму, системності, науковості, авторської об'єктивності, а також на використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів.Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше в історії російсько-українських відносин на основі невідомих раніше джерел з'ясовано яким чином політичне керівництво Російської Федерації наприкінці ХХ століття закладало підвалини для виникнення російсько-українського збройного конфлікту 2014 року.Висновки: починаючі з 1991 року російське керівництво ефективно розпалювало конфлікт в окремих регіонах, зокрема в Криму, "не дозволяючи" Україні бути незалежною державою з правом на європейській розвиток. При цьому, з метою завдання шкоди територіальній цілісності і суверенітету України як основний важіль впливу був використаний Чорноморський флот. Зазначимо, що вплив на населення Кримського півострову скрізь призму подій навколо Чорноморського флоту здійснювався у багатьох сферах, насамперед воєнній, політичній, інформаційній, мовній тощо. Вирішення питання навколо розподілу Чорноморського флоту в 1997 році, на наш погляд, ознаменувало те, що к цьому моменту у більшості населення території Криму було сформовано негативне ставлення до української влади та, як слід, до Збройних Сил України. Тому, швидка окупація Кримського півострова в 2014 році та події на Донбасі стали закономірним наслідком недружньої політики російського політичного керівництва по відношенню до України, яку воно здійснювало починаючи із 1991 року. Ключові слова:Україна, Російська Федерація, Військово-Морські Сили, Чорноморський флот, Крим, збройний конфлікт
Abstract.The purpose of the research – to reveal the origins of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict at the beginning of the XXIst century, its preconditions and circumstances. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, scientificity, authorial objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the history of the Russian-Ukrainian relations, based on previously unknown sources, it has been clarified how at the end of the XXth century the political leadership of the Russian Federation laid the foundations for the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in 2014. The Conclusions. Since 1991, the Russian leadership has effectively inflamed the conflict in some regions, including the Crimea, by "not allowing" Ukraine to be an independent state with the right to European development. At the same time, in order to damage the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, the Black Sea Fleet was used as the main lever of influence. It should be noted that the impact on the population of the Crimean peninsula, through the prism of events around the Black Sea Fleet, was carried out in many spheres, primarily, military, political, informational, linguistic, etc. In our opinion, in 1997 the resolution of the issue of the Black Sea Fleet division marked the fact that by this time the majority of the population of the territory of the Crimea had formed a negative attitude towards the Ukrainian authorities and, as a result, towards the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the rapid occupation of the Crimean peninsula in 2014 and the events in Donbass were a natural consequence of the unfriendly policy of the Russian political leadership towards Ukraine, which the leadership has been pursuing since 1991. Key words: Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Navy, the Black Sea Fleet, the Crimea, armed conflict. ; Анотація.Мета дослідження– розкрити витоки російсько-українського збройного конфлікту на початку ХХІ століття, його передумови та обставини.Методологія дослідження спирається на принципах історизму, системності, науковості, авторської об'єктивності, а також на використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів.Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше в історії російсько-українських відносин на основі невідомих раніше джерел з'ясовано яким чином політичне керівництво Російської Федерації наприкінці ХХ століття закладало підвалини для виникнення російсько-українського збройного конфлікту 2014 року.Висновки: починаючі з 1991 року російське керівництво ефективно розпалювало конфлікт в окремих регіонах, зокрема в Криму, "не дозволяючи" Україні бути незалежною державою з правом на європейській розвиток. При цьому, з метою завдання шкоди територіальній цілісності і суверенітету України як основний важіль впливу був використаний Чорноморський флот. Зазначимо, що вплив на населення Кримського півострову скрізь призму подій навколо Чорноморського флоту здійснювався у багатьох сферах, насамперед воєнній, політичній, інформаційній, мовній тощо. Вирішення питання навколо розподілу Чорноморського флоту в 1997 році, на наш погляд, ознаменувало те, що к цьому моменту у більшості населення території Криму було сформовано негативне ставлення до української влади та, як слід, до Збройних Сил України. Тому, швидка окупація Кримського півострова в 2014 році та події на Донбасі стали закономірним наслідком недружньої політики російського політичного керівництва по відношенню до України, яку воно здійснювало починаючи із 1991 року. Ключові слова:Україна, Російська Федерація, Військово-Морські Сили, Чорноморський флот, Крим, збройний конфлікт
Abstract.The purpose of the research – to reveal the origins of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict at the beginning of the XXIst century, its preconditions and circumstances. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, scientificity, authorial objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the history of the Russian-Ukrainian relations, based on previously unknown sources, it has been clarified how at the end of the XXth century the political leadership of the Russian Federation laid the foundations for the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in 2014. The Conclusions. Since 1991, the Russian leadership has effectively inflamed the conflict in some regions, including the Crimea, by "not allowing" Ukraine to be an independent state with the right to European development. At the same time, in order to damage the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, the Black Sea Fleet was used as the main lever of influence. It should be noted that the impact on the population of the Crimean peninsula, through the prism of events around the Black Sea Fleet, was carried out in many spheres, primarily, military, political, informational, linguistic, etc. In our opinion, in 1997 the resolution of the issue of the Black Sea Fleet division marked the fact that by this time the majority of the population of the territory of the Crimea had formed a negative attitude towards the Ukrainian authorities and, as a result, towards the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the rapid occupation of the Crimean peninsula in 2014 and the events in Donbass were a natural consequence of the unfriendly policy of the Russian political leadership towards Ukraine, which the leadership has been pursuing since 1991. Key words: Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Navy, the Black Sea Fleet, the Crimea, armed conflict. ; Анотація.Мета дослідження– розкрити витоки російсько-українського збройного конфлікту на початку ХХІ століття, його передумови та обставини.Методологія дослідження спирається на принципах історизму, системності, науковості, авторської об'єктивності, а також на використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів.Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше в історії російсько-українських відносин на основі невідомих раніше джерел з'ясовано яким чином політичне керівництво Російської Федерації наприкінці ХХ століття закладало підвалини для виникнення російсько-українського збройного конфлікту 2014 року.Висновки: починаючі з 1991 року російське керівництво ефективно розпалювало конфлікт в окремих регіонах, зокрема в Криму, "не дозволяючи" Україні бути незалежною державою з правом на європейській розвиток. При цьому, з метою завдання шкоди територіальній цілісності і суверенітету України як основний важіль впливу був використаний Чорноморський флот. Зазначимо, що вплив на населення Кримського півострову скрізь призму подій навколо Чорноморського флоту здійснювався у багатьох сферах, насамперед воєнній, політичній, інформаційній, мовній тощо. Вирішення питання навколо розподілу Чорноморського флоту в 1997 році, на наш погляд, ознаменувало те, що к цьому моменту у більшості населення території Криму було сформовано негативне ставлення до української влади та, як слід, до Збройних Сил України. Тому, швидка окупація Кримського півострова в 2014 році та події на Донбасі стали закономірним наслідком недружньої політики російського політичного керівництва по відношенню до України, яку воно здійснювало починаючи із 1991 року. Ключові слова:Україна, Російська Федерація, Військово-Морські Сили, Чорноморський флот, Крим, збройний конфлікт
The article examines the issues of application of international humanitarian law to the armed conflict in Ukraine, in particular the evolution of the conceptual definition of armed conflict, the application of «prisoners of war» to participants in armed conflict who are under the control of the opposing side. The main task of international humanitarian law is to protect those who are not directly involved in hostilities, as well as those who have ceased to participate in them due to illness, injury or any other cause, regardless of their race, color, political, religious and other beliefs, sex, ethnic and social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other characteristics. Consideration is given to the provision of persons from military formations and volunteer formations (combatants) who took part in the armed conflict but who actually ceased to take part in it due to illness, injury or any other cause and were taken prisoner of war. It is argued that the rules of international humanitarian law come into force with the beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine. The correlation between the norms of international humanitarian law and the national legislation of Ukraine in connection with the parallel existence of two types of armed conflict is studied. The extent of the international legal obligations of the parties to an armed conflict is determined by both customary law and treaty rules of international humanitarian law, which have been ratified by each party. It was argued that the current national legislation should be properly aligned with the standards of international law, in particular in the aspect of normative consolidation of the status of prisoners of war in relation to persons who took an active part in the armed conflict and came under the control of the opposing side. ; В статті досліджуються питання проблематики застосування норм міжнародного гуманітарного права до збройного конфлікту в Україні, зокрема еволюція понятійного визначення виду збройного конфлікту, застосування ...
The article deals with the issue of the conflicts of laws in international private law. It has been found out that each state has its own legal regulation of the relations which leads to conflicts of material norms of various states and complicates legal regulation of international relationships. The law of the states has many differences in regulation of various relations which provides for application of a connecting factor as one of the ways to solve the problem. It has been proved that international private law has a significant role in regulation of relations with a foreign element. As for international private law which norms are formed independently by each state, compliance with treaty obligations as well as rules and principles of international law by each state is significant to each state. At the same time, codification of international private law is the main way for systematization and legislative implementation of conflict of laws, material and procedural provisions designated for regulation of private relations with foreign element. Qualification of legal definitions which are applied in formulation of the rule of the conflict of laws is a burning issue as well. It has been established that the procedure for qualification in international private law should identify the model of relations and consists of three stages which are: interpretation of the rule; analysis of relations; comparison of the rule and relations. It has been clarified that the situation of a mobile conflict and the issue of acceptance or failure to accept remission and remission to the law of the third state relate to the issue regarding application of the rule of the conflict of laws in international private law. We think that the first priority task is to bring national laws on international private law in compliance with modern conditions of international civil and trade turnover. For the future development it is necessary to introduce a single legislative act which will take into account all these issues and the mechanism ...
The main research results substantiating the system of transfusion supply of military medical facilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during peacetime and in the special period are presented. It was proved that the aim of development of blood bank is to create the system of provision with blood, its components and protein preparations of blood plasma of hospitals both in terms of daily activity and at the time of their usage.
The analysis of the crisis of a social nature, which indicated that the most severe, widespread and dangerous social crisis are those generated by low living standards and unsolved social problems; they are the basis of serious social conflicts that arise between citizens and authorities, therefore the most appropriate and relevant is the study of the crisis is socio-economic nature and development of mechanisms of state regulation of these phenomena. Calculations to determine the socio-economic situation in the regions of Ukraine during 2011–2013 and calculation of threats socioeconomic second – fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015 according to the first quarter of 2014 revealed the preconditions for social conflict escalation economic grounds. Determined that the reasons for ethnic proximity eastern region of Ukraine with the «aggressor country», information-psychological influence was dominant in this region of the state, which was the reason for maintaining the separatist movement at the beginning of the armed conflict. It is noted that at present time the public international law and most national constitutions define that in terms of armed conflict public authorities may restrict some liberties in order to restore order and greater use of the most fundamental human rights by introducing emergency legal and administrative regimes. The introduction of emergency powers is governed by three major international and regional human rights treaties, the requirement to comply are clearly spelled out in the constitutions of most countries. Noted that Ukraine must adhere to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. In order not to breach these agreements during the settlement of the armed conflict must enter emergency legal and administrative regimes.Key words: armed conflict; crisis of socio-economic nature; State of Emergency; martial law; regulatory and legal principles.
The problem of protection of personal rights and human freedoms during armed conflicts is raised. Particular attention is paid to ensuring Protocol I to the Geneva Convention, which states that the parties to any armed conflict must distinguish between civilians and the military and direct their actions only against military objectives. Civilians should be provided with living conditions, as far as possible, and should be protected from murder, violence, stress, repression, destruction of their property and hostage-taking. Their personal rights, honor, dignity and personal integrity must be respected and guaranteed. The aggressor state does not comply with international law, and the Ukrainian security system, in turn, has identified gaps in the organization of rapid evacuation of civilians. As a result, a significant number of citizens remained on the territory of hostilities and were forced to provide themselves with at least a minimum of personal security. Accordingly, it is necessary to study the experience of other countries of the world that have suffered armed aggression in their territories in the context of positive practices of protection of the population, forced to find themselves in the territory of hostilities. The article draws conclusions about the formation of a new security policy and the development of preventive measures to protect the personal rights and freedoms of citizens during armed conflicts
The article is devoted to the study of anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus in the 1920s and 1930s. For the last twenty years this topic has been silenced in the official scientific publications of the Republic of Belarus. Most documents on armed anti-Soviet resistance are kept in the KGB archives, to which a researcher in the Republic of Belarus has limited access. The author analyzes the participation of the Belarusian population in anti-Soviet local armed conflicts. The vast majority of actions of the Bolshevik government brutally violated the traditional way of life, which caused outrage among the Belarusian population, which grew into armed forms of protection of property and dignity. On the basis of archival materials the activity of insurgent detachments is revealed. In the period 1919–1923, 1925–26, 1930–1931. the actions of armed peasants and intellectuals in Soviet Belarus had a clear political context. For the purposes of the insurgent detachments, anti-Soviet units, which fought for the elimination of Soviet power, and Belarusian national units, which sought to create an independent Belarusian state, are nominated - these are the organizations "Biloruske bratstvo", "Za Batkivshchynu", "Zelenyy Dub". They had a military structure, interacted with each other, enjoyed the broad support of the population. They were attended not only by Belarusians but also by Ukrainians, both of local origin and those who found themselves in Belarus. The article shows the fighting destiny of the insurgent leaders Mefodiy Karatkevich, Vasil Shevchenko, Mikhail Bakun, Fyodor Shatsko. On the part of the Soviet authorities, the main method of combating the insurgent movement was to use force. The author concludes that a fairly large part of the population of Belarus did not perceive the Soviet state as their own and interpreted the Bolshevik government as aggressive and not legitimate. The massive anti-Soviet armed resistance ended both under the influence of the transition to a new economic policy and the forced destruction of the most conscious and hardworking part of the Belarusian population.
The number of women choosing a military career given the current state of Ukraine experiencing military aggression by Russia and the positive changes in society and legislation that allow women to choose any profession, is increasing every year. Purpose of the study. To study the structure of somatic and gynecological pathology in female military personnel worldwide and to compare it with our own experience. Materials and methods. 316 medical histories of female military personnel who received in-patient treatment from 2014 to 2018 in military hospitals in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Vinnitsa and Odessa were analyzed. Results and discussion. Authors' findings indicate that in the morbidity structure of women in military service predominate benign diseases of the pelvic organs, such as uterine fibroids and pelvic inflammatory diseases. This is matches to the literature data, and is a direct result of two military-related issues of being in a war zone is chronic stress and sexually transmitted infections. Conclusions. Although the health status of women military has not been sufficiently studied, both in the world and in the Ukrainian scientific literature, study authors identified that gynecological pathology is expected to be dominated by stress-induced diseases such as uterine fibroids and pelvic inflammatory diseases due to lack of awareness of sexually transmitted infections prevention methods. Ukrainian specialists must be prepared for the long-term effects of military stress and living conditions in the war zone, anticipate the spectrum of morbidity and be able to provide comprehensive assistance to the fullest extent. Today the only way to prevent these diseases is through screening before joining the army and in the service, as well as training military doctors on specific aspects of women's health, and women-military self-examination and basic self-diagnosis
Проведено аналіз міжнародно-правових актів сфери захисту культурних цінностей під часзбройних конфліктів. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності вдосконалювання українськогозаконодавства стосовно захисту культурних цінностей відповідно до міжнародних конвенцій. ; The analysis of international laws in the sphere of cultural property protection in time of armed conflicts is conducted. Special attention is paid to the necessity of improvement of the Ukrainian legislation in consideration of cultural property protection in accordance with International Conventions.
Проведено аналіз міжнародно-правових актів сфери захисту культурних цінностей під часзбройних конфліктів. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності вдосконалювання українськогозаконодавства стосовно захисту культурних цінностей відповідно до міжнародних конвенцій. ; The analysis of international laws in the sphere of cultural property protection in time of armed conflicts is conducted. Special attention is paid to the necessity of improvement of the Ukrainian legislation in consideration of cultural property protection in accordance with International Conventions.
It is shown that participation in hostilities affects a person's psychological state. Being in a combat zone can dramatically change the personality and often - negatively. Mental injuries received during combat operations lead to a number of complex disorders in the physical and emotional spheres of man. This leads to various conflict situations in society. The destructive effects of war are manifested not only in physical losses, but also in social disorientation, loss of social contacts, the integrity of the "I" and theс personal identity of both servicemen and civilians. The consequences of combat mental trauma in various manifestations can be seen even after many years. Without proper psychological rehabilitation, it is difficult for such people to return to a peaceful life and to their social role in society. Therefore, art therapy can come to the rescue here, which in a set of rehabilitation measures can relieve a person of negative feelings, encourage him and help build new life patterns. It is indicated that art therapy was formed as a specific activity that includes art, psychology and psychotherapy. Usually art therapy is part of a set of rehabilitation measures; she has certain advantages in diagnosis. Important aspects of the art therapist's work are his professional contacts with colleagues – psychiatrists, nurses, social workers and others. Attempts to use art therapy techniques without close contact with healthcare professionals are often considered unethical and can be harmful to patients. It is proved that art therapy helps to reduce depressive symptoms and aggression, helps to correct behavior, improve communication skills and integration into society.
