This text seeks to introduce the matter of global justice through an assessment of the conception of John Rawls, as advanced in The Law of Peoples. This work places us in the centre of the seemingly paradoxical character that shapes the attitude of the liberal-egalitarian thinking before the consideration of a model of international justice. The Rawlsian conception of international justice has been criticized as contradictory regarding his conception applied to the domestic sphere. We will seek not only to understand the axis of Rawls' theories in a continuity perspective, but also to assess the pertinence of the model exposed in The Law of Peoples through the duality between justice and humanity. Adapted from the source document.
This article discusses the policies of protection for indigenous people and the environmentalist manifesto for the excluded in Amazonian countries. It addresses the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People and the resolution of the General Assembly that qualifies the effects of climate change as threats to international security. Both lead to cognitive constructions for social justice. The paper reminds us of the invasion of lands by disorderly immigration. More importantly, it unveils the analytical potential offered by the study of international relations to clarify the perspectives of both the mitigation of climate change through the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the excluded majority that lives alongside the protected indigenous minorities. Adapted from the source document.
Introdução: diversos relatórios internacionais têm apresentado as mulheres e meninas como pessoas mais vulneráveis e que demandam justiça social e de gênero para promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN). No Brasil, a Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (PNSAN) e importantes programas de SAN apresentam foco prioritário nas mulheres. Este ensaio objetiva examinar a política de segurança alimentar e nutricional brasileira dentro das perspectivas de justiça de gênero de Nancy Fraser. Métodos: Analisamos a PNSAN a partir do conceito tridimensional de justiça de gênero de Nancy Fraser, detendo especial atenção nas mulheres como produtoras, consumidoras e gerentes-chave de alimentos em casa e na comunidade, as implicações de desigualdades no acesso aos alimentos, a política e aos programas públicos cujo intuito é superar os quadros de insegurança alimentar nas mulheres. Resultados: sugere-se que a PNSAN promove mecanismos para ampliar as condições de acesso aos alimentos, água, emprego e redistribuição de renda. Da mesma forma, visa preservar a autonomia e o respeito à dignidade das pessoas, sem discriminação de qualquer espécie; e a participação social na formulação, execução, acompanhamento, monitoramento e controle das políticas e dos planos de segurança alimentar e nutricional em todas as esferas de governo. Conclusão: a PNSAN apresenta uma sensibilidade ao gênero, considerando as mulheres um grupo vulnerável à insegurança alimentar e nutricional. Contudo, os programas e ações desenvolvidos apresentam limitações em considerar o gênero, pois, por vezes, apresentam argumentos parciais, apolíticos e sexistas dos problemas de segurança alimentar e nutricional. ; Introduction: several international reports have presented women and girls as more vulnerable people who demand social and gender justice to promote food and nutrition security (FNS). In Brazil, the National Food and Nutrition Policy (NFNP) and important FNS programs have a priority focus on women. This essay aims to examine the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Policy from the perspective of Nancy Fraser's concept of gender justice. Method: We analyzed NFNP from Fraser's three-dimensional gender justice concept, with special attention to women as producers, consumers and food managers at home and in the community, as well as the implications of inequalities in access to food, public policy, and programs that aim to overcome the situation of food insecurity among women. Results: The results of this analysis suggest that NFNP promotes mechanisms to expand the conditions of access to food, water, employment, and income redistribution. Likewise, it aims to preserve people's autonomy and respect for their dignity, without discrimination of any kind; and it encourages social participation in the formulation, execution, follow-up, monitoring and control of food and nutrition security policies and plans at all levels of government. Conclusion: NFNP is thus gender-sensitive, considering women as a vulnerable group to food and nutritional insecurity. However, subsequent NFNP-based programs and actions are limited in this regard since, in practice, they have included partial, apolitical, and sexist arguments when addressing problems of food and nutrition security.
This article considers the relevance of Reinhold Niebuhr's thought for contemporary international relations. Beginning with an overview of the problem of morality in realist theory, the article suggests that moral precepts shape readings of the national interest &, therefore, posits that morality & interests are inseparable. Next, Niebuhr's thought, as it pertains to the possibility of a moral politics, is analyzed. Suggesting that Niebuhr's mutuality provides a map for political action, the article maintains that limited justice is attainable in international politics. But attainable justice requires an appreciation of power, & a rejection of idealism & utopianism. Lastly, the article evaluates Niebuhr's relevancy in light of the Iraqi war & its consequences. Adapted from the source document.
Examines domestic and international politics of human rights under democratic rule, focusing on policies designed to confront the country's human rights situation, 1985-98; Brazil. Summary in English p. 232.
Discusses the judgement of General Augusto Pinochet and the jurisdiction of Spain over crimes of genocide, terrorism, and torture committed in Argentina and Chile in relation to questions of state sovereignty and diplomatic immunity under international law.
This is the full text of the Joint Declaration, covering the issues of political dialogue, economics, language, culture, education, science, technology, justice, & health. Politically, the two nations are committed to intensifying relations at the highest levels, including reciprocal visits by the heads of state. Economically, the two governments are committed to facilitating greater cooperation between Portuguese & Chinese industries. In terms of language, culture, & education, the two countries are committed to the widest possible sharing & cooperation. In the fields of science & technology, Portugal & China intend to set up a high-level series of workshops & conferences for the mutual exchange of knowledge. Where justice is concerned, the two nations are committed to studying each other's legal systems so that each might learn from the other. Finally, in the health field, cooperation will entail the sharing of national projects & cutting-edge medical practices. R. Young
The externalization of internal security is an important asset for the national foreign policy. Nowadays, police missions of the United Nations, operations in the framework of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy, the police and judicial cooperation of Justice and Home Affairs of the European Union, police cooperation between Portuguese speaking countries are decisive components for the prevention and suppression of organized crime and terrorism, as well as for the capacity building of judicial and internal security systems in post-conflict countries. Adapted from the source document.
Abstract: Justice Reform in developing countries is one of the most important priorities of international economic organizations. Reform is frequently pursued by setting up new institutions beyond national authorities, in order to prevent national government interference with their functions. The theories linking economic growth and rule of law models offer legitimization to the legal transplants required to meet international standards. The Cambodian case shows that this connection is often unbalanced and the regulation of the new models seeks productive increase rather than better justice in the field of fundamental rights.Resumo: Areforma da justiçanos países em desenvolvimentoé uma dasprioridades maisimportantes das organizaçõeseconômicas internacionais.Esse objetivo éfrequentementeseguido pela criação denovas instituiçõespara alémdas autoridades nacionais, a fim deimpedir que estasinterfiram emsuas funções.Teoriasque ligamo crescimento econômico e anormatividadede modelosjurídicosoferecemlegitimaçãoàs migraçõeslegaisnecessárias para cumprir ospadrões internacionais.O casodo Camboja, no entanto, destacaque esta ligaçãoé muitas vezesdesequilibradae a regulamentaçãodo novomodelo buscamaisumincrementoprodutivo do quemelhorar a Justiça nodomínio dos Direitos Fundamentais.
This article aims at understanding the role of human rights in theories of IR. We will use three fundamental concepts, namely system, society & community, which are associated with three traditions of thought recognized by Martin Wight & also developed by Hedley Bull, as well as the methodological pluralism of the English School. We will pay special attention to the question of humanitarian interventions, which clearly show the dilemma between order & justice at an international level. The methodological pluralism of the English School reveals itself as a useful tool to understand how human rights are more than the mere adjustment of divergent interests, they are a community element lodged in a societal structure. This structure is fundamentally pluralist, in which humanitarian interventions are exceptions to non-intervention. Adapted from the source document.
