The article deals with the correlation between the European Union law and international law. Constant participation of the European Union and its members in international organizations gave a rise to the need for establishment of interrelation between the sources of international law particularly international agreements and customs and sources of European Union law such as regulating agreements and acts of the EU institutions as well as necessity to identify which norms should be applied in a certain case and which hierarchical connections exist in these sources. This issue was research by numerous Ukrainian and foreign scholars such as T.V. Komarova, O.V. Plotnikov, K. Zigler, I.I. Maryniv, R. Jennigs, K. Tomushat and others. But unlike scientific research EU agreements do not have any provisions which would identify the type of relations between EU law and international law. It is also necessary to note that the only subject which position is important in this sphere is EU Court. In order to answer the mentioned questions decisions of the EU Court which had an impact on the formation of a new law and order on international level such as the one of the European Union (for example decision in case Van Gend en Loos) and decision of the Court which established fundamental positions regarding correlation of EU law and international law (for example in case Kadi v Council and Commission) were researched into. Provisions of EU regulating agreements related to international agreements and their place in the system of norms of the European Union were analyzed. To see the procedure of applying customary law in European law case law of the EU Court was researched. The article provides modern position of the EU Court regarding interaction between European and international law.
This article is devoted to the main problems in the institute of the death penalty. Nowadays, our society concentrates on the humanization of the rule-making framework, and especially on the loyal application of the punishment to the defendants. The State by establishing the death penalty takes away human life and it denies the honor, dignity and social value of human beings as the main goal of the states and social existence. The main idea of this article to analyze the institute of the death penalty, to explore and make statistics of states where it still exists and to determine reasons for its application. Therefore, the author considered the main aspects of the institution of the death penalty and the right to life, their legislative consolidation and concluded that the problem of the death penalty is one of the biggest problems in international law. In today's society, a lot of issues concerning the rightness and legality of the use of the death penalty exist. In this regard, the article focuses on the main regulations in which the prohibition of the death penalty is enshrined, these include the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Abolition of the Death Penalty and the like. The concept of the death penalty, history and current state of its development in the world are also revealed. Also, the author analyzed the doctrine of scholars on this issue and consented that the death penalty is contrary to the principle right to life, which is the major one in international law. The author noted that many countries refuse to recognize international standards in this sphere and refuse to ratify the Protocols to international treaties abolishing the death penalty. Analyzing the issue of the death penalty, the author outlined numerous problems raised during conducting the study and noted that the international community has the task of solving the problems mentioned ...
The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.
This book explores the issue of environmentally-induced migrations from the point of view of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. Last few years have become a period of unprecedented growth in the number of studies devoted to the forced migration caused by climate change. The book by professor Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, differs significantly from previous studies in this area. The focus of the author became a state responsibility for the situation of climate-change induced displaced people with a particular focus on legal aspects of this problem. The basis of the author`s considerations are four particular areas of public international law: international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. The issue of climate change-induced displacement is now becoming a growing challenge for public international law. The growing number of climate change migrants becomes a challenge for the international istitutions dealing with humanitarian assistance. Sea level rise become a factor of specific legal problems, such as climatic deterritorialization of the state, state succession on the new territory, the status of people forced to leave their country submerged under the waters of ocean (forced migrants?, refugees?, stateless people?, citizens of the former country continuing its status within a new territory?).
One of the most important (and top-priority for solving) reasons for the insufficient effectiveness of international law in the fight against terrorism is the lack of a universal international legal definition of terrorism (hereinafter referred to as the definition of terrorism). The article outlines the problems of adopting the definition of terrorism; revealed some negative consequences of the absence of a definition of terrorism in international law. It is pointed out that in order to accept the definition of terrorism, it is necessary to identify the characteristics and specific features of terrorism that distinguish it from other types of offenses and which (characteristics and features) could be used as a basis for defining elements of terrorism as well as the basis for the definition of terrorism. We agree that in the context we should focus on the following recognized in the doctrine essential characteristics of terrorist methods of action: violent basis of action; political motivation and goal setting; use of intimidation as a tool to achieve the goal; intent to cause innocent casualties and adequate destruction. It is concluded that terrorism is an international crime. We agree with the positions of experts according to which the prohibition of terrorism is a norm of general international law in the form of customary international law. It points to the need to adopt a norm in positive international law that would clearly state that violating the prohibition of terrorism is an international crime. We consider the position of experts to be noteworthy, according to which the prohibition of terrorism is the norm of jus cogens. The norms of jus cogens are aimed at protecting fundamental, basic or higher interests or fundamental humanitarian values. These fundamental values include human rights and the right to human dignity, which are fundamental and belong to all people. It seems obvious that the prohibition of terrorism protects the fundamental values of humanity and human dignity. Terrorism is a threat ...
Adjusting the legal status, and support policies for migrant workers is an issue on the agenda of international institutions for nearly a hundred years. The first efforts to protect foreign workers have been taken during the first session of the International Labour Conference in 1919. In the following decades ILO activities has led to the preparation of three international documents concerning this issue (non-binding ILO Convention No. 66 in 1939, and Convention No. 97 of 1949, and No. 143 of 1975). For many decades, the problem of the protection and assistance of migrant workers' rights was considered as a narrow issue of international labor law. Codification efforts, undertaken during seventies, has led to the adaptation of the UN document (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families) in 1990, and inclusion this issue into more general area of international human rights law. Despite this fact, and the existence of several categories of documents concerning migrant workers within Council of Europe, the European Union, and even ASEAN, the protection of migrant workers has never been effectively functioning system. The aim of this article is the analysis of the codification of that issue, and the main obstacles to consensus on the protection of migrant workers' rights. The state parties of the UN Convention contains primarily countries of origin of migrants (such as Mexico, Morocco and the Philippines). It seems, therefore, that despite 46 ratifications the, UN convention does not have a global character, and activities of its monitoring body (Committee on Migrant Workers-CMW) reflects primarily demands of sending countries. The article closely examines particularly controversial provisions of the ILO and UN documents from the point of view of current labour migrations and policies of sending and host countries.
Information technology has become an integral part of modern society and undoubtedly makes life easier for companies, public authorities and ordinary citizens. As the scientific and information breakthrough develops rapidly in many areas (commercial, private, educational, etc.), many legitimate legal issues related to the use of cloud technologies are increasingly emerging. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of international agreements in the field of cloud technology. This topic is considered from the point of view of private international law, as the relations arising from the use of cloud technologies, as a rule, have an international private law character due to the different nationalities of the parties. The authors analyze the provisions of Ukrainian and foreign legislation, determine international legal standards in the field of cloud technology, and analyze "agreements on the use" of well-known global brands such as Apple, Google, Microsoft and more. This scientific article focuses on the concept and types of international agreements using cloud services, as well as related issues: the parties to the agreement, place, time of its conclusion, the law applicable to such legal relations and more. Such agreements do not have a universal legal definition, so different international organizations and companies use their own definitions. There are several standards in the world in this area, both international and regional. On the one hand, it helps to improve and perfect this area, on the other hand - there is a saturation of relations in the field of "cloud" technologies with various documents and standards. The authors cover different types of cloud service providers, such as software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS); services used by the relevant legal entities; classifications of "clouds" (public, private, community and hybrid); types of international agreements concluded depending on the type of providers and the volume of services ...
States are the main actors of international law and key actors in international affairs. States define the main vectors of the international law development and have an influence (direct and indirect) on all trends in international life. Currently there is no universal, generally accepted definition of state іn positive international law. The purpose of the article is to analyze the approaches to the definition of the state as a subject of international public law and to outline the definition of the state in accordance with applicable international law and international legal practice. The article analyzes the main characteristics of the state and the criteria (elements) of the state as a subject of public international law in accordance with applicable international law, international legal practice and modern international legal doctrine. It is concluded that the state is a subject of public international law, which is a political and legal territorial entity that meets the following criteria: has a permanent population, a defined territory, government, capacity to enter into international relations. Given the presence of these four criteria (elements) of the state, the state's sovereignty is presumed. It is also concluded that а state as a subject of public international law has the ability to create norms of international law; to acquire rights and obligations under such norms, to implement the specified norms; has the ability to participate in international public-legal relations; has the ability to bear international legal responsibility. The subject of international law is the state as a whole, and not its separate administrative-territorial units, state bodies or officials.
In this article the author examines the basic norms of "soft law of the EU", which establish common rules for the use of energy from renewable sources and the level of their implementation in national legislation as well as the basis of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU on promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The author has made the general overview of international obligation of Ukraine about improvement and adaptation of the national legislation to the EU standards in the sphere being explored. The author determines the necessity of forming the policy directed on realization of investment projects in the spheres of energy efficiency and renewable energy in Ukraine; the need, the necessity additionally to the attraction of foreign investments, to support the national business entities that implement the use of energy from renewable sources. A specific role of constant scientific and technical updating in the field of energy production was established. In the article the main achievements in the field of energy use from renewable sources are analyzed, problem points and directions of further popularization and wide introduction of the production of energy from renewable sources from the production to the household sphere are identified. Enough attention is paid to the mechanisms of stimulation of renewable electricity production that have already been acting today; the author mentions energy-saving projects implemented by local authorities; the potentially most powerful renewable energy resources of the country are identified, the energy of the sun and wind in particular. Difficulties in using renewable energy often go beyond the strictly regulatory and financial issues. In this regard, the author permanently accents the need to raise citizens' awareness of the results of reforms and institutional changes in Ukraine and the opportunities provided by these reforms.
The European Union does not have an autonomous and self-standing public policy concerning the protection of landscape. Instead, it adopts fragmentary and incidental measures meant to protect landscape. These measures are adopted within the frameworks of other EU policies, most importantly the EU environmental policy as well as other policies which are integrated with it (such as agricultural policy or policy concerned with special planning). In all these realms, the EU shares its powers with its member states. In some important areas, such as e.g. the property regime, the member states retained their exclusive competences. This particular distribution of powers makes the implementation of the extra-EU international law instruments rather difficult and not sufficiently effective to produce a worthwhile impact. These obligations have a limited influence because most of them are obligations of "a diligent pursue" rather than "firm result". As such, they are unlikely to give rise to direct application of respective conventional provisions. Notwithstanding, their importance is much more pronounced in the area of legal reasoning, where even the EU or domestic measures have to be interpreted in the light of the EU and/or its member states' obligations arising from international conventions on landscape protection.
As you know, in public international law there is no hierarchy of sources of law. However, in practice, there are controversial situations when legal relations are subject to legal regulation of various sources of law. This is especially acute in the case of international custom and an international treaty.The purpose of the scientific article is to study the problems of the relationship and interaction of the international treaty and international custom in various aspects of their existence, namely: in aspects of their occurrence, observance and application.The article focuses on the legal analysis of the relationship between the international treaty and international custom in the judicial practice of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. The analysis is subject, in particular, to the case of the continental shelf of the North Sea (1969), as well as the case of military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua and against Nicaragua (1986).Based on the analyzed materials, the author of the article came to the conclusion that, firstly, an international treaty may contain customary norms, that have already existed and were in effect even before its conclusion. Secondly, the international treaty may be the last stage in the process of forming the customary norm. And thirdly, an international treaty may propose new legal norms that, due to further practice of subjects of international law, can be the basis for the creation of a new international custom.Moreover, it can be concluded that international customs and international treaties can exist and operate in parallel. However, even if the contractual and customary norm are identical in content, and the subjects of international law who are in disputed legal relations are connected, both by one and the second source of law, then from the point of view of applying these identical norms, they exist independently from each other. ; Як відомо, у міжнародному публічному праві відсутня ієрархія джерел права. Однак в практиці виникають спірні ...
It can be concluded that the main purpose of the implementation of both criminal procedural and international criminal law as a form of influence of international law on national law is to change the current legislation to meet international obligations taking into account the criminal law system, the structure of current sectoral legislation, legislative technique. This allows the legislator to implement the provisions of the international agreement and improve the quality of legislation, and the provisions of international criminal law are the impetus that initiates the revision of national legislation in cases where it is expressly provided in the text of the international agreement or required by law. The effectiveness of implementation is directly affected by the quality of national legislation, as well as the legislator's choice of methods of implementation: reception, adaptation, transformation and referral. Despite the different doctrinal approaches to the definition of "implementation", the most accurate should be considered the definition of national legal implementation as a process involving the implementation of international criminal law in the state in the field of domestic law with its help and in accordance with the established procedure. legal activity of state bodies aimed at the actual implementation of international obligations assumed by the state. The opinion of A.L. Luchinin that the concept of "implementation" is not synonymous with the concept of "execution", because implementation is a process, while execution is a possible result of this process. The Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, as well as other international treaties, the rules of which refer to the self-fulfilling, are directly applicable, they do not require the adoption of domestic legislation for their implementation. Usually, the constitutions of states contain provisions that are an example of a general reference rule, authorizing the application of international agreements binding on the state, duly ratified and published, or generally accepted principles and norms of international law, or determine the place of international acts within the legal system of a particular state. ; У статті досліджуються особливості імплементації міжнародних кримінально-процесуальних та кримінально-правових норм як форми впливу міжнародного права на національне право. Аналізуються основні доктринальні підходи вчених до визначення поняття «імплементація» і відмежування його від інших подібних понять. Виявляється специфіка впливу правових норм міжнародних конвенцій на правові норми кримінального права окремих держав. Можна зробити висновок, що основною метою реалізації як кримінального процесуального, так і міжнародного кримінального права як форми впливу міжнародного права на національне право є зміна чинного законодавства для виконання міжнародних зобов'язань з урахуванням кримінально-правової системи, структури чинного галузевого законодавства, законодавчої техніки. Це дозволяє законодавцю реалізувати положення міжнародної угоди та покращити якість законодавства, а положення міжнародного кримінального права є поштовхом, який ініціює перегляд національного законодавства у випадках, коли це прямо передбачено в тексті міжнародної угоди або вимагається законом. На ефективність реалізації безпосередньо впливає якість національного законодавства, а також вибір законодавцем методів реалізації: прийому, адаптації, трансформації та направлення. Незважаючи на різні доктринальні підходи до визначення поняття «імплементація», найбільш точним слід вважати визначення національної правової імплементації як процесу, що передбачає реалізацію міжнародного кримінального права в державі у сфері внутрішнього права з його допомогою та зі встановленим порядком; юридична діяльність державних органів, спрямована на фактичне виконання міжнародних зобов'язань, взятих на себе державою. Підтримую думку А.Л. Лучиніна про те, що поняття «реалізація» не є синонімом поняття «виконання», оскільки реалізація - це процес, а виконання - можливий результат цього процесу. Конвенція Ради Європи про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року, а також інші міжнародні договори, норми яких стосуються самореалізації, безпосередньо застосовуються, вони не потребують прийняття внутрішнього законодавства для їх реалізації. Зазвичай у конституціях держав містяться положення, які є прикладом загального довідкового правила, що дозволяють застосовувати міжнародні угоди, обов'язкові для держави, належним чином ратифіковані та опубліковані, або загальновизнаних принципів і норм міжнародного права, або визначають місце міжнародного права в межах правової системи конкретної держави.
The dynamics of the formation of the arbitral tribunal in the international law was analyzed in the article. The attention is focused on the basic historical stages of the arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal), and their characteristics is given. It is proved that the arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) is one of the legal means of international disputes regulation. The regularities of the development of the arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal), which stage-by-stage include the usage of internal models of legal proceedings, the usage of analogies of the legal regulation of the phenomena of internal law to the phenomena of international law, also, the formation of the authentic legal international models of the legal international disputes regulation were discovered in the article. It is advocated that legal disputes, in which the decision was made as a result of the application of legal models, and not the search for a compromise, were the basis of the differentiation of arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) and reconciliation (agreement) or the mediation. The preservation of the main features of arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) formed in ancient states throughout the process of the formation peaceful international disputes regulation means, mainly fairness, impartiality, expertise and understanding of the case by the arbitrators was emphasized in the article. It is discovered that arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) is a special category of international law which includes the elements of legal regulation and the possibility of political (compromising) elements inclusion.Key words: arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal); mediation, arbitration; cruiser «Alabama» case; arbitrage. ; Проаналізовано динаміку становлення третейського правосуддя в міжнародному праві. Акцентовано увагу на основних історичних етапах третейського правосуддя та охарактеризовано їх. Доведено, що третейське судочинство є одним із судових засобів врегулювання міжнародних суперечностей. Виявлено закономірності розвитку третейського правосуддя, які поетапно включають використання внутрішніх моделей судочинства, застосування аналогій правового регулювання явищ внутрішнього права до явищ міжнародного права, а також формування автентичних міжнародно-правових моделей врегулювання міжнародно-правових спорів. Відстоюється позиція, що основою розмежування третейського правосуддя і примирення (погодження) або посередництва виступили спори правового характеру, у яких рішення приймали внаслідок застосування правових моделей, а не пошуку компромісу. Наголошено на збереженні основних рис третейського правосуддя, сформованого в античних державах упродовж усього процесу формування цього засобу мирного врегулювання міжнародних спорів, а саме – справедливість, неупередженість, кваліфікація і розуміння суті справи арбітрами. Досліджено, що третейське правосуддя є особливою категорією міжнародного судочинства, яке включає елементи правового врегулювання та можливість включення політичних (компромісних) елементів.Ключові слова: третейське правосуддя; посередництво; арбітраж; справа крейсера «Алабама»; третейський суд.
