The article is devoted to the consideration of the value orientations of modern youth, which are formed against the background of socio-cultural transformation of society. It is noted that in modern society, there is also a change in family values, which are rendered by the parent family and institutions of secondary socialization. Social institutions should play an important role in the development and maintenance of family attitudes among young people.
This article reveals that, during the last 15 years, drastic shifts have occurred in the subjective social structure of Russian society: the people for the most part no longer consider themselves to be "social outsiders", while Russian society itself has become a society undoubtedly dominated by a subjective middle-class, albeit predominantly a lower middle-class. However, such a positive shift does not equal Russians being completely satisfied with the situation at hand when it comes to stratification, since their actual position in the status hierarchy is currently much lower not only than desired, but also lower than those status positions which they reckon they should be occupying in this hierarchy "in all fairness". Russian people's dissatisfaction is mostly a result of them considering opportunities for success and prosperity to be associated with the social, economic and cultural capital of one's parents, as well as with various unlawful practices (such as corruption, bribery), not only with one's hard work or quality education. These views seem to be stable over time, and to some extent they are similar to the views of German people. However, in the eyes of Russians various unlawful practices (primarily bribery) play a greater role when it comes to achieving success in life. In addition to that, one's parents' education, as well as one's own education, hard work and ambition play a slightly less significant role (which is decreasing year after year) in Russia. This means that, as time passes, more Russian people are becoming convinced that a person's personal efforts and goals are not a key factor in achieving life success and high status positions in Russian society. Statistical verification indicates that these views are objectively justified, since, according to the former, upper strata of Russian society are becoming increasingly more closed, with lower strata starting to close as well. High indexes of self-reproduction of opposing status groups within mass layers of the population, together with an increasing polarization of the population (primarily young people) – these are all dangerous tendencies in terms of their socio-political and economic consequences, which lead to authorities being delegitimized, as well as Russian people losing their motivation to achieve success in life through their own efforts.
For a more precise scientific approach, the article offers a justification of the criteria for attribution to the objects of social work through such a phenomenon as social adaptation (maladjustment). This article reveals the indicators of socio-psychological adaptation (maladjustment) of various population groups. An important indicator of adaptability is life satisfaction. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the level of socio-psychological adaptation of the population (migrants, the unemployed, the disabled and pensioners) and the factors affecting it, as well as socio-psychological technologies for working with various groups of the population in crisis.
Recently, the topic of the life positions of young people attracts more attention due to the activation of youth in the socio-political space of the society life: defending their right to participate in the formation of urban space, participation in volunteer and environmental movement, for the preservation of cultural heritage and values of a various spectrum: from traditional to modern. The nature of these and other types of activity is regulated by a life position, reflecting the understanding by different groups of young people of themselves, the meaning of their life, their role in society.
The article examines the essence of the life position of youth, the specifics of its formation within the existing semantic space of reality and the relationship with social activity. On the basis of the concept of socio-cultural self-regulation of life activity developed by the Center for Sociology of Youth of the Institute of Socio-Political Research FCTAS RAS and the data obtained in the course of the Center for Sociological Research, the author analyses the connection between the life position of young people and age, the level of material status and education, as well as with regional living conditions.
The interconnection between the life positions of young people and their ideological attitudes towards individualism and collectivism, trust and distrust of others are described. By using structural and taxonomic modeling of the life process of young people, the interrelationships of their life positions with elements of the socio-cultural mechanism of self-regulation are considered. Thus, the author analyzes the connections between the core of the taxon of habitus of active and passive life positions of young people with archetypes, mental traits, modern features and life-meaning values, types of youth cultures. It has been established that the regulatory function of an active life position is realiszed through both traditional and modern elements of the self-regulation mechanism: by archetypes of glory and idealzation of the past, on the one hand, and rationalism, openness to everything foreign, attitude to the country as a place of residence, on the other. In turn, the regulatory function of a passive life position is predominantly formed under the influence of the conditions of the vital activities of the young people, and the role of youth types of culture and life-meaning values is reduced to their awareness of the semantic content of the formed habitual attitude. The article also analyzes the indicators of the social activity of young people based on their connection with the worldview semantic attitudes.
The relevance of the study of the living conditions of rural women is related to the actual demographic situation in the Russian hinterland. In rural areas of the Russian Federation there is a stable decline in the population due, first of all, to natural population decrease, as well as migration outflow connected with low standards and quality of life, unattractiveness of labor in rural areas, and social infrastructure. Rural women as a socio-demographic group with typical socio-psychological, ideological, moral and ethno-cultural characteristics, similar spiritual values, social experience and lifestyles, being a more numerous part of the population of rural territories, act as a kind of bulwark for preservation of the village, its culture, traditions and rural economy as a whole. A quarter of all Russian women live in rural areas. Distribution of the country's population by gender and age groups as of January 1, 2019 shows that women predominate in the rural population (52%). And the group of women over working age is twice as large as that of men (6775 thousand against 3230 thousand). In other words, Russian village has actually a female face. In this regard, the study of rural women's issues is very important and timely. The article shows the role of women in the social development of the village, provides excerpts from interviews of rural female activists, their reasoning about how they live despite the difficulties that surround them. It highlights demographic trends in rural areas, assesses the quality of the labor potential of rural residents in comparison with urban residents, and shows a higher level of self-realization in labor activity among women than among men.
The article considers new non-traditional types of mass culture that hinder the formation of the spiritual and moral life of the youth. In the era of market economy and transformation of national values and ideals, there is a need to improve the tolerant attitude of mass culture. We often hear from TV screens, from leading politicians, the word «tolerance» or «toleration in various guises and meanings of socialization of young people», which we were not familiar with until recently. In many cultures, the concept of «tolerance» is characterized by a kind of synonym for toleration: Latin-tolerantia; Portuguese-tolerância; Italian-tolleranza; Dutch-tolerantie; Uzbek-bag'rikenglik and sabr-toqatlilik. Sociological analyses show that some types of modern non-traditional forms and patterns of culture have a negative impact on the spiritual and moral life of the younger generation. In our opinion, it is tolerance that has become the basis for the spread of new types of mass culture among young people. Starizm (translated from English «stars», means celebrity cult) causes young people to have new artifi cial idols to copy. Kitsch — hack, tasteless, «cheap». Flash mob — a pre-planned mass gathering. Vandalism was manifested in the past in the destruction of national historical monuments, which passes into the area of the spiritual life of the population, especially young people. We stand in solidarity with those specialists who are in favor of the expediency and consistency of the work carried out among young people. However, the most important innovative method that ensures the effectiveness of educational work, as we think, is the revival of the traditional social status and function of the family. The family as a traditional institution has been modernized to the detriment of national peculiarity and ideals. The work on the formation of tolerance in modern society should be associated not only with the training of young people in specific skills of tolerant behavior, but also with the formation of certain personal qualities. It is about self-esteem and the ability to respect the dignity of others; the awareness that each person is diverse in their manifestations and is not like others; a positive attitude towards oneself and representatives of other peoples and other cultures.
As a result of the development of automation and robotization in the economy of developed countries, the need for labor is reduced, which entails a decline in employment. Given the preservation of existing trends, the labor society is transformed into a rent society, with leisure being the main occupation of the majority of its members. In this regard, concerns are voiced about the loss of habitual meaning of life and, as a consequence, the degradation of the individual and society. The author puts forward a thesis that social activity is more natural (that is, biologically conditioned) for a human being than labor. In support of this fact factual evidence is given, which indicates that for most of their history people have practiced an appropriating economy, which allowed for achieving maximum production with minimal labor. Thus, members of pre-agricultural and extra-agricultural communities could devote most of their time to rest, communication and a variety of group rituals. It is possible that in the emerging post-labor society there will be a similar situation, and the close future might turn out to be similar to the distant past.
The article deals with the analysis of social justice as a universal value that determines the evaluation of social practices in all the spheres of social life. But the study of such an evaluation of society in the sphere of interethnic relations is faced with a number of theoretical problems. The authors show that when evaluating interethnic relations in accordance with the criterion of social justice, due to the ambiguous interpretation of their meaning, it is necessary to rely on an interdisciplinary approach. An important area of this analysis is the correlation of the theoretical understanding of ethnicity and the practice of state building in the context of the cultural diversity of the population. Two strategies for achieving social justice in the sphere of interethnic relations are shown: the building of the SU ethno-nations and the building of the RF nation with securing civil rights in the sphere of the implementation of ethno-cultural identity and providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural diversity.
This article reveals the socio-psychological essence of the social determinants of typical syndromes of social work objects. It analyzes the possibilities of a socio-psychological approach to understanding the nature of these phenomena. It reveals such concepts as quality of life, typical negative socio-psychological phenomena, including social maladjustment, socially stressful situation, social fears and other phenomena. It also examines the practice of overcoming socially destructive phenomena, in particular, fears.
This article is devoted to the analysis of social factors that indicate the choice of a certain personal name among the Turkmen people. The article examines personal names which contain extensive information about the features of the cultural, historical, social and everyday picture of the development of society. The relevance of this work is determined by the growing interest in the onomastics of Turkmenistan, namely personal names, which are the most important linguistic source of information about the culture and history of the Turkmen people. The article discusses the system of principles underlying the naming of a born child by a name among the Turkmen people. The Turkmen anthroponymic system indicates a wide range of criteria associated with family-tribal, religious, historical, natural, and physiological naming traditions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the motives for naming among the Turkmen people. In the article we have highlighted the main models of naming. In Turkmen linguistic culture, parents' attitudes were manifested in intentional names. In conclusion, we can conclude that a personal name carries a deep semantic load. Moreover, it affects a person's future. Along with the usual rules that Turkmens use when choosing names for their children, they have special customs that reflect the specifics and originality of naming a child and these customs are closely related to the character of the people themselves, the nature of their economy, sociocultural and religious and moral views. Our analysis of the motives for naming among the Turkmens showed that the Turkmen anthroponymic system reflects the unique features of the life understanding of the surrounding reality, which clarifies certain periods of the social life and spiritual culture of the Turkmen people.
The article shows the role of the development of information and computer technologies and the process of digitalization in various spheres of public life. It is noted that in such conditions information becomes one of the key resources. It is emphasized that for the modern society in the context of accelerating scientific and technological progress, it is becoming more and more difficult to critically comprehend the constantly increasing information flows. Virtual space offers tremendous opportunities for influencing public consciousness. In the context of the issue under consideration, some negative consequences are noted, including for the evolution of the mental sphere of the population. The article demonstrates important strategic directions for the development of the information society in modern Russia. It is emphasized that the processes of digitalization of the public life spheres and the new risks associated with it pose special tasks for modern social policy, in particular, in matters of purposefully increasing the level of information culture of the population, the quality of human capital and preparing society for global technological changes.
Purpose: To summarize, organize, and clarify the available scientific literature, theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of social identity with the sociopsychological and sociological positions. Methodology: a theoretical analysis of scientific sources. Scope of the results: Identified in the theoretical analysis of the sociopsychological interpretation of the phenomenon of social identity: its structure, and specific types of manifestations, may be useful in explaining the many problems in the life of the individual groups and teams, in general, the social environment, which traditionally are in the field of view sociology.
Purpose: to find out the main reasons for divorce in old age, to assess social perception of certain situations that lead to divorce, to trace the development later in life after the divorce of former spouse. Methodology: qualitative research on how to "double reflection" in formal means of semi-structured interviews; discourse analysis of online documents on the Internet forums for the elderly. Results: allocated substantial characteristics of divorce in the third age. 1. The causes of divorce in older age, alcoholism, adultery, fake divorce, divorce due to the illness of a spouse, divorce is a consequence of the crisis of retirement. 2. Social approval/ condemnation of divorce in the third age - the examples cited in the study is an indicator of gender inequality. 3. The trajectories of the spouses later in life - "The effect of the return of" the wandering behavior, a new life, a divorce after the divorce. Practical implications - the creation of special courses on social gerontology for students of social and humanitarian disciplines, gerontologists, social workers, as well as the use of programs of socio-psychological training for the elderly.
Young people's transitioning into adulthood is accompanied by their inclusion into society's socio-cultural context, together with the development of their own cultural models and interaction practices. Youth cultural space develops as a result of layered connections between young people and culture in general – elements of which are simultaneously inherited and altered by them – as well as subculture models, which emerge in the realm of intra-group interactions, i.e. within youth communities. During the dialectical process of inheritance, denial and construction, young people obtain their own social-group characteristics. In turn their cultural space is distinguished by features which differentiate their activities from other social groups. In modern society youth cultural space is very much a self-regulating realm, within which occurs the development and construction of the most important values which then become the foundation for purpose in life. Base culture plays an essential role in shaping purpose, with its models – contained within the collective unconscious – being directly linked to historic memory. Historic memory, reflected in archetypical and mental structures, influences the content of life purpose values. Engraining itself into habitus during the habitualization process, it becomes the basis for purpose which defines the direction for behavioral predispositions. Together with historic memory, youth life purpose values are significantly influenced by everyday knowledge and experience, which accumulate as a result of young people interacting with others participating in the development of cultural space. In order to confirm self-regulation of youth life purpose values as a holistic process, this article analyzes the connection between young people's concepts on the meaning of life and various types of culture, archetypes, mentality, habitus. This was facilitated by the fact that the article presents results of developing a cultural space typology, of highlighting – based on analyzing existing approaches towards studying the unconscious – the most common archetypes, mental and modern features of national character, habitual attitudes. Analyzing their relationship allowed for tracing the influence of each on the development of young people's purposes in life during the self-regulation process. The article substantiates the conclusion – drawn as a result of analyzing how life purposes are connected with types of culture and archetypes – that young people for the most part accept traditional culture, which defines the general direction for the development of meaning in their lives. Based on analyzing the connection between life purpose values and mental, modern features of national character, the study reveals the dialectics of "traditional" and "contemporary" in the altering of meanings in young people's lives. Analyzing the connection between life purpose values and habitus allows us to consider the modification (hybridization) of meanings in the process of developing behavioral inclinations among young people in terms of self-regulating their living activity. Therefore self-regulation of young people's life purpose values appears to be a dynamic process which fills their lives with new meanings in an evolving cultural space.
This article presents the results of theoretical and empirical study of the psychological problems, which are arisen on the influence of high-intensity stressors on a personality. The post-traumatic stress, as a delayed complex response to a stress- or – a life-threatening disease, is considered as one of such consequences. On a sample of people (n = 39) diagnosed with meningioma (a benign tumor of the arachnoid mater), in the post-surgical period, a comprehensive psychological study was conducted using the interviewing and testing methods. The authors verified the hypothesis of a special configuration of personality characteristics and psychopathological symptoms at different levels of post-traumatic stress (PTS), caused by the reaction of the individual to the diagnosis of meningioma. The investigation demonstrates that at the high level of PTS such personality traits as depression, emotional lability, shyness and irritability are diagnosed, that are the most likely prerequisites for the development of psychopathological symptoms – depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. It is concluded that the severe experience of post-traumatic stress, caused by the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, systematically manifests itself at all levels of the individual functioning – organismal, psychological and social.
