COVER; HALF-TITLE; TITLE; COPYRIGHT; CONTENTS; PREFACE; CASES; CONSTITUTIONS; STATUTES; OTHER INSTRUMENTS; Introduction; 1 The democratic state in Africa: setting the scene; 2 Constitutions and the search for a viable political order; 3 Devising popular and durable national constitutions: the new constitutions of the 1990s; 4 Perfecting imperfections: amending a constitution; 5 Presidentialism and restraints upon executive power; 6 Enhancing access to the political system; 7 Making legislatures effective; 8 The judiciary and the protection of constitutional rights.
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How do international organisations (IOs) influence domestic policymaking? In the field of educational policy, IOs increasingly play an important role in shaping national debates and policies. Comparative studies as conducted by the OECD, for example, reveal strengths and weaknesses of individual educational systems and raise questions of "best practice". International initiatives such as the EU's Bologna Process even compel national policy makers to restructure their systems in such a way that students and staff will be able to move with more ease between systems and receive fair recognition of their qualifications in the near future. The aim of this study is to explore the forms of governance through which international organisations exercise influence on national policymaking. For this purpose, the EU and the OECD serve as case studies since these two organisations have recently been particularly active players in educational policy. Drawing on institutionalist approaches, an analytic grid will be designed in this study for systematically investigating the forms of governance as exercised by international organisations. The findings show that IOs have the most capacities to form and guide national policymaking through their distinctive ability to co-ordinate initiatives and to shape the ideas in a policy field, such as education. -- OECD ; EU ; Educational Policy ; International Organisation ; Governance
Wie beeinflussen internationale Organisationen den innenpolitischen Entscheidungsprozess? Auf dem Gebiet der Bildungspolitik spielen internationale Organisationen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Gestaltung nationaler Debatten und Politik. So decken Vergleichsstudien wie die der OECD Stärken und Schwächen einzelner Bildungssysteme auf und lassen Fragen nach der "best practice" laut werden. Internationale Initiativen wie der Bologna-Prozess der EU verpflichten die nationale Politik auf eine Restrukturierung, die eine Verbesserung der Mobilität von Studenten und Mitarbeitern zwischen den Bildungssystemen und eine Anerkennung der jeweiligen Qualifikationen in naher Zukunft ermöglichen soll. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es das Ziel dieser Untersuchung, die Governance-Formen zu analysieren, mit deren Hilfe internationale Organisationen einen Einfluss auf nationalstaatliche Politik ausüben. Zu diesem Zweck werden EU und OECD als Beispiele herangezogen, da beide Organisationen in jüngster Vergangenheit auf dem Gebiet der Bildungspolitik besonders aktiv waren. Die Governance-Formen beider Organisationen werden aus institutionalistischer Sicht diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass der Einfluss internationaler Organisationen vor allem auf ihrer Fähigkeit beruht, Initiativen zu koordinieren und Ideen auf einem bestimmten Politikfeld - wie der Bildungspolitik - zu konkretisieren. (ICEÜbers)
"By the late 1950s Canada's francophone and Acadian minority communities located outside Quebec were in rapid decline. Demographic, economic, socio-cultural, institutional, and political factors that had sustained both the concept and the reality of French Canada for well over a century were being eliminated or transformed at an unprecedented rate. Convinced that education was one of the essential keys to the renewal and growth of their communities, francophone organizations and leaders lobbied for constitutional entrenchments of official bilingualism and of a mandated Charter right to education in their own language, including the right to governance over their own schools and school boards. From those efforts a new, vigorous francophone pan-Canadian national community emerged, one capable of ensuring the survival of its constituent communities well into the twenty-first century."--Jacket
A synthesis of existing academic, expert and everyday practical political literature demonstrates that we can trace many different approaches to the phenomena of governance. Based on the political sciences, particularly policy literature, the governance concept is most frequently connected with an analysis of the relations between actors or institutions of the state and society at different political levels. Use of the governance concept is also becoming increasingly popular when discussing sports issues, especially when the multi-level or global sport perspective is in question. This article aims to confront the national perspectives and understandings of, as well as attempts at, sports governance, in relation to multi-level ones. This refers specifically the EU, because over the last few years, not only have states expanded their traditional concerns with health and social security to encompass leisure and cultural life, including sport, but the EU has also implemented different activities concerning sport issues. This particularly emphasises the extent and importance of the relations that key national policy actors have established with themselves and especially towards supra-national (EU) actors in the processes of creating common EU sports policy directions as part of preparing the White Paper on Sport (2007). It does this by analysing the available official documents, records and statistics relating to the issue, as well as interviews conducted in spring 2007 with representatives of the state and sports-governing bodies in Slovenia. The conclusions of the analysis indicate a predominantly EU-centric type of multi-level governance approach and make some observations about the EU's future development and how this could impact the development of (sub)national sports policy.
