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International Relations teeters on the edge of an abyss of irrelevance. As an academic pursuit it has become disparate and fragmented. We have ceased to pursue greater clarity in the way that we understand the world around us; moreover, we have failed as agents of change -that is, as purveyors of opinion and proposals about a better and fairer world order. As such, we no longer serve our students and those practitioners who seek our advice. The text outlines why and how International Relations teeters on the edge of an abyss. It offers a proposal for moving beyond the fragmentation and atomization that afflicts international relations. The third part argues that global governance offers an opportunity to return to these questions. Adapted from the source document.

This article addresses several issues pertinent to health systems governance for health equity. It argues the importance of health systems using measures of positive health (well-being), discriminating in favour of historically less advantaged groups and weighing the costs of health care against investments in the social determinants of health. It cautions that the concept of governance could weaken the role of government, with disequalizing effects, while emphasizing the importance of two elements of good governance (transparency and participation) in health systems decision-making. It distinguishes between participation as volunteer labour and participation as exercising political rights, and questions the assumption that decentralization in health systems is necessarily empowering. It then identifies five health system roles to address issues of equity (educator/watchdog, resource broker, community developer, partnership developer and advocate/catalyst) and the implications of these roles for practice. Drawing on preliminary findings of a global research project on comprehensive primary health care, it discusses political aspects of progressive health system reform and the implications of equity-focused health system governance on health workers' roles, noting the importance of health workers claiming their identity as citizens. The article concludes with a commentary on the inherently political nature of health reforms based on equity; the necessary confrontation with power relations politics involves; and the health systems governance challenge of managing competing health discourses of efficiency and results-based financing, on the one hand, and equity and citizen empowerment, on the other. ; This article addresses several issues pertinent to health systems governance for health equity. It argues the importance of health systems using measures of positive health (well-being), discriminating in favour of historically less advantaged groups and weighing the costs of health care against investments in the social determinants of health. It cautions that the concept of governance could weaken the role of government, with disequalizing effects, while emphasizing the importance of two elements of good governance (transparency and participation) in health systems decision-making. It distinguishes between participation as volunteer labour and participation as exercising political rights, and questions the assumption that decentralization in health systems is necessarily empowering. It then identifies five health system roles to address issues of equity (educator/watchdog, resource broker, community developer, partnership developer and advocate/catalyst) and the implications of these roles for practice. Drawing on preliminary findings of a global research project on comprehensive primary health care, it discusses political aspects of progressive health system reform and the implications of equity-focused health system governance on health workers' roles, noting the importance of health workers claiming their identity as citizens. The article concludes with a commentary on the inherently political nature of health reforms based on equity; the necessary confrontation with power relations politics involves; and the health systems governance challenge of managing competing health discourses of efficiency and results-based financing, on the one hand, and equity and citizen empowerment, on the other.

Los pueblos como el nuestro no piden grandes realizaciones a sus gobernantes. Si en el encargo de gobernar se obra con probidad, si la orientación de quienes han sido diputados para ello busca esencialmente distribuir beneficios a favor de los más pobres entre los gobernados, la satisfacción popular es obvia y la eficacia de la administración pública resalta delante de todos. Pero qué difícil está siendo el trabajo administrativo, que abusa de facultades legales y las desvía para medro personal, fenómeno cada día más acentuado y más preocupante. ; Peoples like ours do not ask their rulers for great achievements. If the task of governing is carried out with probity, if the orientation of those who have been deputies for this purpose essentially seeks to distribute benefits in favor of the poorest among the governed, popular satisfaction is obvious and the effectiveness of public administration stands out in front of everybody. But how difficult the administrative work is being, which abuses legal powers and diverts them for personal growth, a phenomenon that is becoming more accentuated and more worrying every day.

The purpose of the article was to study the experience of self-governance of lawyers in the countries of the European Union EU. On the basis of this material recommendations aimed at improving the advocacy system are provided. Achieving the set goal involved the resolution of the following tasks: a) to reveal the mechanism of functioning of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries and identify its universal features, and; b) to determine the main models of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries. The scope of the study was constituted by public rules, regulated by law, arising in the provision of legal services in the application of the legal profession and the implementation by representatives of its bodies of the right to self-government. The methodological basis of the study consists of general and specific research methods. It is concluded that, the manifestation of the principle of independence of the legal profession and the guarantee of full functioning of the self-governing bodies of bar associations in the EU countries consists in ensuring the freedom of their activities within the legality and its implementation in practice.

This work identifies good governance with the legal status of government senior officials. These are people that hold public positions through political appointment, so their legal status is based in the principles of integrity, transparency and accountability, according to the current legislation. ; En este trabajo se identifica el buen gobierno con el estatuto jurídico aplicable a los altos cargos de la Administración Pública. En cuanto personas que acceden y desempeñan tareas públicas conforme al principio de confianza política su régimen se caracteriza, conforme a la legislación vigente objeto de examen, por un sistema dominado por los principios de integridad, transparencia y responsabilidad.

The quality is a degree of excellence, and what is excellent is new. The evaluations of the quality of the organizations, departments, functional areas, activities, products and services have been recognized by the goodness of their results beginning to be mandatory and of increasingly strict application in the search of the fulfilment of its purposes. The quality has been a goal of many countries. In Ecuador, the Constitution establishes that the public administration is governed by principles, among others: the quality. This involves the participation of the people to ensure the actions in the organizational context. The quality has an impact on people, activities, processes and outcomes; all guided toward excellence. An intention of quality (not exclusive from the point of view of the analysis of other models) and at the same time of the Government of the TSI is the application of good practices of the Ibero-American Model [3] and of the standard ISO/IEC 38500 [4], respectively. The proposed quality assessment model exposes the government of TIS as a functional team at the service of the organization of TIS. Therefore, the model is a response to the value-based quality concept on value due to the extent that Ecuador is gaining a growth in the use of technology. The existing literature on EFQM models, Malcolm Baldrige and other authors who support it, was available for this work [5] [6] [7] [8]. In such a way that it is appropriate to identify suitable criterion relations between standards of governance and models of excellence, the criteria and sub-criteria, dimensions and evidence that arise as part of the quality model. ; Tesis presentada el 19/09/2017 en la Army Forces University ESPE, Department of Computer Science, PhD Thesis in Computer Science. Advisors: Claudia Pons, Rocio Rodríguez. ; Facultad de Informática

Energy is linked to economic development and national security. Governments have often understood energy as an area of «high politics» where national interests are above collective interests. However, the evolution of the concept of energy security, the growing awareness of the need to improve access to modern energy and to avoid dangerous climate change transformed the way of confronting energy issues. Global energy governance has become the concept for analyzing international collaboration. Conceiving of global energy governance demands understanding the nature and magnitude of energy. Equally important is to know who is responsible for taking the decisions. Only then we will be able to make appropriate steps. This article focuses on both elements: why energy is a global issue and who governs it. ; La energía está ligada al desarrollo económico y la seguridad nacional. A menudo los gobiernos han entendido la energía como un área de la «alta política» donde los intereses nacionales predominan sobre los intereses colectivos. Sin embargo, la evolución del concepto de seguridad energética, la creciente conciencia de que es necesario mejorar el acceso a los servicios de energía modernos así como evitar un cambio climático peligroso, modificó esa aproximación hacia los problemas energéticos. La gobernanza energética global se ha convertido en el concepto de análisis de la colaboración internacional. Entender el concepto de gobernanza energética global precisa conocer la naturaleza y la magnitud del ámbito energético. Igualmente importante es conocer quién es el responsable de tomar las decisiones. Sólo entonces seremos capaces de tomar las medidas adecuadas. Este artículo se centra en analizar dos elementos: por qué la energía es un problema mundial y quién la gobierna.

A medida que Guatemala emergía lentamente de una guerra civil que duró treinta y seis años, los reformistas nacionales crearon una institución participativa que aún no ha sido analizada en profundidad: el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano y Rural. Estos consejos están formados por representantes de la sociedad civil que toman decisiones sobre el gasto en proyectos de desarrollo y las políticas de desarrollo y los supervisan. Formalmente, hay consejos en los niveles de gobierno comunitario, municipal, departamental, regional y nacional. En la práctica, su existencia e implementación varía mucho en los distintos sectores del país. En este artículo se exploran distintos aspectos de este sistema, tales como el diseño institucional del sistema de consejos, los orígenes de este diseño y la efectividad del sistema en cuanto al logro de los objetivos que se plantea. Asimismo se postula que el sistema ha involucrado a algunos actores pero, en general, no ha logrado canalizar efectivamente los intereses y elaborar una política de desarrollo nacional participativa. Esto se debe principalmente a tres factores: su complicado diseño, el legado del gobierno militar y la cultura política de clientelismo y caudillismo. Estas conclusiones sirven de advertencia de que imponer la participación ciudadana puede ser más difícil de lo que muchos reformistas suponen en la actualidad.

The executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico carries out its operations through two distinct sets of administrative structures. On the one hand, there are theagencies and departments, such as the Justice and the Treasury departments, which constitute the "central government" of the Commonwealth. On the other hand, there are the state-owned enterprises, commonly known as "public corporations" in Puerto Rico, which constitute what we may call the "other" central government of Puerto Rico. ; La rama ejecutiva del gobierno de Puerto Rico lleva a cabo sus operaciones a través de dos conjuntos distintos de estructuras administrativas. Por un lado, están las agencias y departamentos, como los departamentos de Justicia y Hacienda, que constituyen el "gobierno central" del Estado Libre Asociado. Por otro lado, están las empresas estatales, comúnmente conocidas como "corporaciones públicas" en Puerto Rico, que constituyen lo que podemos llamar el "otro" gobierno central de Puerto Rico.

The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between co-development projects with transnational interests and the governance of migration by the Spanish and Ecuadorian governments. On one hand, the emergence of co-development is linked with the political dimension of migration, and therefore, with the challenges that its management poses for both the sending and receiving states. Simultaneously, the state exists in a context of the reconfiguration of its traditional functions, and above all, the manner in which it goes about performing them. For these reasons, co-development projects form part of state governance strategies, based on a special understanding of the nexus between migration and development in European social space, involving international organizations, state governments, and civil society, linked by migratory flows. This is demonstrated in the case of Ecuador and Spain. Since Spain stimulated co-development, the implementation of projects with Ecuador has been emphasized, due to the dimensions achieved by Ecuadorian migration. Co-development politics and projects are analyzed in this paper as areas of intervention integrated by values, guide lines and cultural understandings about migration, including appropriate forms of control and management.