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The reasoning of the text is as follows: — the development of intermediary organisations, — the discussion of the "broad" concept of governance, — a comment on the White Paper on Governance of the European Union. ; L'argumentation du texte est la suivante : - le constat du développement d'organisations intermédiaires, - la discussion de la conception « large » de la gouvernance, - un commentaires du Livre Blanc de la gouvernance de l'Union Européenne.

International audience ; Greater awareness of global change and the emergence of issues relating to climatic events in recent decades, biodiversity conservation and the associated European policies, decentralisation are all elements making for major change in state policy towards forests in France. Foresters have come up with innovative responses to these changes with the support of public authorities, e.g., ecocertification and the establishment of the Inter- Trade body. State action has refocused on public goods such as climate, biodiversity or energy. Territorialbased approaches have been developed or have replaced topic-related ones. The state continues in France to play an important regulatory role alongside Europe and local governments, which are now major players in the forestry institutional landscape. ; La progression des préoccupations sur les changements globaux et les questions nées des aléas climatiques des dernières décennies, la préservation de la biodiversité et les politiques européennes correspondantes, la décentralisation : autant d'éléments de changements forts dans le contexte de l'action forestière publique en France. Des réponses novatrices ont été apportées à ces évolutions par les professionnels, avec l'appui des pouvoirs publics : l'écocertification et la création de l'interprofession, notamment. L'action publique s'est recentrée sur des biens publics tels que le climat, la biodiversité, ou l'énergie. Elle a développé des approches territoriales à côté ou à la place des approches thématiques. L'État conserve en France un rôle régulateur important, à côté de l'Europe et des collectivités qui sont maintenant très présentes dans le paysage institutionnel forestier.

Greater awareness of global change and the emergence of issues relating to climatic events in recent decades, biodiversity conservation and the associated European policies, decentralisation are all elements making for major change in state policy towards forests in France. Foresters have come up with innovative responses to these changes with the support of public authorities, e.g., ecocertification and the establishment of the Inter- Trade body. State action has refocused on public goods such as climate, biodiversity or energy. Territorialbased approaches have been developed or have replaced topic-related ones. The state continues in France to play an important regulatory role alongside Europe and local governments, which are now major players in the forestry institutional landscape. ; La progression des préoccupations sur les changements globaux et les questions nées des aléas climatiques des dernières décennies, la préservation de la biodiversité et les politiques européennes correspondantes, la décentralisation : autant d'éléments de changements forts dans le contexte de l'action forestière publique en France. Des réponses novatrices ont été apportées à ces évolutions par les professionnels, avec l'appui des pouvoirs publics : l'écocertification et la création de l'interprofession, notamment. L'action publique s'est recentrée sur des biens publics tels que le climat, la biodiversité, ou l'énergie. Elle a développé des approches territoriales à côté ou à la place des approches thématiques. L'État conserve en France un rôle régulateur important, à côté de l'Europe et des collectivités qui sont maintenant très présentes dans le paysage institutionnel forestier.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2W-4DTKN77-1&_user=1080505&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WYA-MsSAYWW-UUW-U-AABWVWVUEE-AABUUUVYEE-VAYWEWCZU-WYA-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=11%2F17%2F2004&_rdoc=234&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235713%239999%239999 ; International audience ; The low level of involvement by international oil companies in Russia seems difficult to explain given what development of its resources and production has to offer. There are still many restrictions and contradictions, born of the particular institutional and political environment of the Russian oil industry at the end of fifteen years of transition, that act as a bar to international integration. Three factors currently define the establishment of relations with foreign investors. First, because of the many different levels of negotiation with Russian companies, the State and the Regions, the decisions are based on complex relations between the various forces. Second, the reforms, and especially privatisation and the allocation of rights of ownership to deposits, are considered by sizeable sections of public opinion and many political classes to be illegitimate, thus making the issue of international investment and foreign presence still more complicated. Finally, the State's wish to take back the oil industry in order to use it to fulfil its economic and foreign policies is creating further uncertainty. These three elements seriously restrict the entry of international oil companies to the Russian market.