Open Access BASE2013

L'esprit républicain anglais adapté à la France du XVIIIe siècle : un républicanisme classique ?

Abstract

International audience ; In order to explain the evolution of republican thought in late eighteenth-century France (Revolution included), Keith Baker contrasts classical republicanism (based on virtue, the discourse of will and the idealization of Ancients) with modern republicanism (based on individual rights, progressive Enlightenment rationality, and commerce). This article criticises this interpretative model on historical, conceptual and methodological grounds. Historically, the wide dissemination of seventeenth-century English republican ideas during the French Enlightenment period requires to revise the conceptual pattern opposing classical and modern republicanisms: to the eyes of the authors mentioned by Baker, rights are as less opposed to the discourse of will than this latter is incompatible with Enlightenment rationality. This twofold objection is supplemented by a methodological one: because he chooses to write a history of languages, Baker goes short of the means to see that the contrasts or tensions he sees in the texts are more the product of these excessively reified abstract categories than the mirror of what the authors actually claimed. ; Keith Baker rend compte de l'évolution de la pensée républicaine dans la France du second XVIIIe siècle (Révolution comprise) en opposant d'une part le républicanisme classique (fondé sur la vertu, le discours de la volonté collective, et l'idéalisation des Anciens), et d'autre part le républicanisme moderne (fondé sur les droits, la rationalité progressiste des Lumières et le commerce). Cet article critique ce modèle interprétatif sur les plans historique, conceptuel et méthodologique. Historiquement, la diffusion massive des idées républicaines anglaises du XVIIe siècle à l'époque des Lumières et de la Révolution oblige à réviser la structure conceptuelle de l'opposition entre les deux républicanismes : chez les auteurs que Baker mentionne, les droits individuels ne s'opposent pas plus à la politique de la volonté que cette dernière ne s'oppose à la ...

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