Rousseau, la philosophie française et les nationalités au XIXe siècle : Grèce, Italie, Turquie

Abstract

International audience ; We shall try in this article to explore a hypothesis: there would be a common movement, a structuring of the same nature in the construction of the big national independences torn away from XIXth century or at the beginning of XXth by the revolutionary or military action. These great moments of implementation of Nation states are not simply the result of the civil war or the political action, they come along with ideas; most of the heroes of the independences refer clearly to the French philosophy of the Enlightenment, to the human rights and more directly still to Rousseau. That it is the nature of these references to the philosophy and particularly to the author of the Social contract ? What is the role of the translation of the same Social contract in Greek or in Turk? What is the one of a modernization of the language, how build up themselves the neologisms, the invented political and philosophic vocabulary ex abrupto in Greek or in Turk and in the contact with the philosophers of the Lights and the translation of their works as well as the French Revolution? It is notable besides, that, besides coming along the creation of national languages, the moments of emancipation articulate in works strictly literary native (poems, novels) the authors of which are often men of action themselves. A general history of the translations of the Social contract in Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea in their links with the constitution of Nation states would be useful. She could allow to bring elements of answer to the question which worries us: him which is the nature of the reference to Rousseau at Mazzini, Garibaldi or Mustapha Kemal? Can she be said philosophic, rhetoric, ideological? We can consider that Rousseau is a case except for in the use which is made by the French philosophy (the Encyclopaedists, Mably and especially L'Esprit des lois of Montesquieu). Isn't it simply a question of taking the French Revolution for model? What is the sense of these references more philosophic than ...