國家控制的變遷與延續: 中國大陸電影產業改革中的審查制度及其實踐 ; Guo jia kong zhi de bian qian yu yan xu: Zhongguo da lu dian ying chan ye gai ge zhong de shen cha zhi du ji qi shi jian

Abstract

中國大陸的電影審查是在意識形態領域對文化工業所施加的國家控制,以確保後者能夠服務於整體性的國家目的。20 世紀 80 年代中期,原本主要承擔宣傳和教育功能的電影工業開始了國家主導的改革,並在新世紀被定位為"文化產業"後,其主體迅速向資本化、商業化和娛樂化發展。本文的目的就是研究在這一過程中,審查制度及其實踐的變遷與延續,特別是要追問它在制度上沿襲了毛澤東時代基本框架和不放棄意識形態控制的同時,為什麼可以容納文化產業化電影工業的發展。為此,我選擇了生產研究(production study)路徑,從"結構-行動者"(structure-agent)的分析框架出發,以對電影人和審查者的訪談材料為基礎,綜合多種途徑搜集到的一手和二手資料,聚焦於這些行動者審查與自我審查的日常實踐,以及支撐他們實踐活動的信條(belief)和話語(discourse)體系。我認為問題關鍵在於改革過程中國家自身的分化。首先,國家控制電影工業的出發點從單一的政治目的,多元化為經濟、政治和文化三重目的。其次,隨著國家目的多元化,主要考慮政治問題的審查權力機構和兼顧經濟與文化發展的審查執行機構在利益和立場上的分化進一步加深。這些使國家控制本身出現了一定的彈性(flexibility),給電影工業有限的發展空間。這種彈性主要表現在兩個方面:一是審查標準上"去政治化的政治"原則;二是審查制度設計及其實踐上的"結構的不確定性"。前者代表了國家意識形態控制的原則,後者是具體的控制手段。因此,本研究同時也處理了中國國家在後社會主義轉型過程中,國家控制的性質及其運作機制的問題。 ; In China, censorship system of the film industry is ideological control of the state, for ensuring later can serve the object of the former. From the mid 1980s, the film industry begun to reform by the state, and it became one of the "cultural industries" in the beginning of the new millennium from the tool for propaganda and education, as well as is being capitalized and commercialized quickly. ; The purpose of this thesis is to study the change and continuity of this censorship system and its practice during this period, as well as to answer the question why this censorship system can allow such kind of development, while this system still follows the basic framework of the one in Mao's era and does not give up the goal of ideological control. ; So, methodologically, I chose the production study approach and structure-agent analytical framework. Basing on the interviews of filmmakers and reviewers, as well as other first-hand and secondary materials, this thesis focus on the agents' practice of censorship and self-censorship, as well as the belief and discourse system behind these practice. And I think the answer of that question above is the diversification of the state during the reform. Firstly, it is the diversification of the object of the state, it becomes politics, economy and culture from politics only. Secondly, with the ...