Structural and Functional Roles of HIV-1 gp41 Pretransmembrane Sequence Segmentation

Abstract

Copyright © by Biophysical Society. Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/6/3769 ; The membrane-proximal segment connecting the helical core with the transmembrane anchor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 is accessible to broadly neutralizing antibodies and plays a crucial role in fusion activity. New predictive approaches including computation of interfacial affinity and the corresponding hydrophobic moments suggest that this region is functionally segmented into two consecutive subdomains: one amphipathic at the N-terminal side and one fully interfacial at the C-terminus. The N-terminal subdomain would extend a-helices from the preceding carboxy-terminal heptad repeat and provide, at the same time, a hydrophobic-at-interface surface. Experiments were performed to compare a wild-type representing pretransmembrane peptide with a nonamphipathic defective sequence, which otherwise conserved interfacial hydrophobicity at the carboxy-subdomain. Results confirmed that both penetrated equally well into lipid monolayers and both were able to partition into membrane interfaces. However only the functional sequence: 1), adopted helical structures in solution and in membranes; 2), formed homo-oligomers in solution and membranes; and 3), inhibited gp41-induced cell-cell fusion. These data support two roles for gp41 aromatic-rich pretransmembrane sequence: 1), oligomerization of gp41; and 2), immersion into the viral membrane interface. Accessibility to membrane interfaces and subsequent adoption of the low-energy structure may augment helical bundle formation and perhaps be related to a concomitant loss of immunoreactivity. These results may have implications in the development of HIV-1 fusion inhibitors and vaccines. ; This work was supported by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a (EET 2001-1954), the Basque Government (PI-1999-7), and the University of the Basque Country (UPV 042.310-13552/2001). A.S.C. was recipient of a predoctoral fellowship of the Basque Government. G. Melikyan was supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM54787. ; Peer reviewed