Open Access BASE

A paleogenomic reconstruction of the deep population history of the andes

Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Barbieri, Chiara; Skoglund, Pontus; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Posth, Cosimo; Harkins-Kinkaid, Kelly; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Éadaoin; Michel, Megan; Stewardson, Kristin; Novak-Forst, Jannine; Capriles, José M; Durruty, Marta Alfonso; Álvarez, Karina Aranda; Beresford-Jones, David; Burger, Richard; Cadwallader, Lauren; Fujita, Ricardo; Isla, Johny; Lau, George; Aguirre, Carlos Lémuz; LeBlanc, Steven; Maldonado, Sergio Calla; Meddens, Frank; Messineo, Pablo G; Culleton, Brendan J; Harper, Thomas K; Quilter, Jeffrey; Politis, Gustavo; Rademaker, Kurt; Reindel, Markus; Rivera, Mario; Salazar, Lucy; Sandoval, José R; Santoro, Calogero M; Scheifler, Nahuel; Standen, Vivien; Barreto, Maria Ines; Tomasto-Cagigao, Elsa; Valverde, Guido; Kennett, Douglas J; Cooper, Alan; Krause, Johannes; Haak, Wolfgang; Llamas, Bastien; Reich, David; Fehren-Schmitz, Lars

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Abstract

There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ~9000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ~2000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also reveal cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina, and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin.

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