Artificial Intelligence and Bioethics

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 History of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.1 What Makes an Entity-Human or Machine-Intelligent? -- 1.2 First Steps to Artificial Intelligence -- 1.3 The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence -- 1.4 A New Partner in Professional Life: Expert Systems -- 1.5 Novel Approaches: Neural Networks -- References -- 2 Definitions -- 2.1 What is Artificial Intelligence? -- 2.1.1 Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence -- 2.1.2 Weak Artificial Intelligence -- 2.1.3 Strong Artificial Intelligence -- 2.1.4 Heuristics -- 2.1.5 Turing Test -- 2.1.6 Chinese Room Test -- 2.1.7 Artificial Neural Network -- 2.1.8 Machine Learning -- 2.1.9 Deep Learning -- 2.2 State of the Art -- References -- 3 Personhood and Artificial Intelligence -- 3.1 What Makes Humans More Valuable Than Other Living or Non-living Entities? -- 3.2 Can Machines Think? -- 3.3 Moral Status -- 3.4 Non-discrimination Principles -- 3.5 Moral Status and Ethical Value: A Novel Perspective Needed for Artificial Intelligence Technology -- References -- 4 Bioethical Inquiries About Artificial Intelligence -- 4.1 Ethics of Technology -- 4.2 Does Present Ethics of Technology Apply to Artificial Intelligence? -- 4.3 Looking for a New Frame of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence -- 4.4 Common Bioethical Issues Arising from Current Use of Artificial Intelligence -- 4.4.1 Vanity of the Human Workforce, Handing the Task Over to Expert Systems -- 4.4.2 Annihilation of Real Interpersonal Interaction -- 4.4.3 Depletion of Human Intelligence and Survival Ability -- 4.4.4 Abolishing Privacy and Confidentiality -- 4.5 Bioethical Issues on Strong Artificial Intelligence -- 4.5.1 The Power and Responsibility of Acting -- 4.5.2 Issues About Equity, Fairness, and Equality -- 4.5.3 Changing Human Nature Irreversibly.

1. Introduction -- 2. What is Artificial Intelligence? -- 2.1. Definitions -- 2.2. History -- 2.3. State of play and future prospects -- 3. Bioethical inquiries about artificial intelligence -- 3.1. Bioethical issues common to weak and strong artificial intelligence -- 3.2. Bioethical issues resulting from strong artificial intelligence -- 3.2.1. Ontological discussions -- 3.2.2. Consequential discussions -- 4. Medicine and artificial intelligence -- 4.1. Use of artificial in health services -- 4.2. Main challenges in medical ethics -- 4.2.1. Confidentiality and privacy -- 4.2.2. Compassion, veracity and fidelity -- 4.2.3. Communication skills and case based approach -- 5. Conclusion.