Upwelling Systems of the World: A Scientific Journey to the Most Productive Marine Ecosystems

Abstract

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Preliminaries -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Large Marine Ecosystems -- 1.3 Life in the Ocean -- 1.4 Basics of Marine Ecology -- 1.4.1 Types of Marine Life Forms -- 1.4.2 Controls of the Marine Food Web -- 1.4.3 Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 1.5 Light, Nutrients and Oxygen in the Sea -- 1.5.1 Photosynthesis -- 1.5.2 Light -- 1.5.3 Oxygen -- 1.5.4 Nutrients -- 1.5.5 Nutrient Limitation -- 1.5.6 Mechanisms Limiting Phytoplankton Blooms -- 1.5.7 Nutrient Regeneration -- 1.6 The Carbon Cycle and Oceanic Carbon Pumps -- 1.6.1 Overview -- 1.6.2 The Role of Upwelling in the Carbon Cycle -- 1.7 Early Scientific Expeditions -- 1.8 Long-Term Scientific Monitoring Programs -- 1.9 Summary -- References -- 2 The Functioning of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Physics of Coastal Upwelling -- 2.1.1 Description of the Upwelling Process -- 2.1.2 Wind Stress and Ekman Transport -- 2.1.3 The Upwelling Index -- 2.1.4 Physical Timescales of the Upwelling Process -- 2.1.5 Significance of Upwelling Jets -- 2.1.6 Coastal Upwelling Regimes -- 2.1.7 Indicators of Upwelling -- 2.1.8 Other Upwelling Mechanisms -- 2.1.9 Location of Significant Upwelling Regions -- 2.2 The Biogeochemistry of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.2.1 General Description -- 2.2.2 Nitrogen Production by Anaerobic Oxidation of Ammonia -- 2.2.3 The Role of Silica -- 2.2.4 Upwelling and Carbon Fluxes -- 2.3 The Ecology of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.3.1 Biological Response to Coastal Upwelling Events -- 2.3.2 The Significance of Upwelling Shadows -- 2.3.3 Timing and Duration of Phytoplankton Blooms -- 2.4 Theories on High Fish Production -- 2.4.1 Bakun's Triad -- 2.4.2 The "Optimal Environmental Window" Hypothesis -- 2.4.3 Lasker's Hypothesis of a "Calm Ocean" -- 2.4.4 Cushing's "Match/Mismatch" Hypothesis.