Media in Lebanon: Fragmentation and Conflict in the Middle East
Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Illustration -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- 1 Background -- The Sociopolitical Picture -- The Sectarian/Economic Delineation -- A Heterogeneous State within a Volatile Region -- The Media Scene -- 2 The Print Media: Unceasing Challenges -- Historical Background -- Arabic Printing Preceded Gutenberg Printing Press -- Early Ottoman Period: Social Pamphleteering -- Second Ottoman Period: Political/Nationalist Press -- French Mandate Period: Spread of Corruption -- Early Independence Period: Professional Confusion -- The Golden Era: Rise of a Pan-Arab Lebanese Press -- The Onset of Press Setbacks -- Lebanese Press after the Civil War -- Loss of Pan-Arab Character -- Free from Government not from Sectarian/Business Bosses -- Lack of Order and Professional Ethics -- An Overview of Lebanese Newspapers -- General Structure of Newspapers -- Subservient not Watchdog Press -- Prominent Lebanese Papers -- Summing Up -- 3 Radio Broadcasting -- Overview -- Historical Background -- Structure of Lebanese Radio -- Civil War and Radio Broadcasting -- Emergence of Illegal Radio Stations -- The Division of Radio Lebanon -- Illegal Stations Taking Root -- Future of Lebanese Radio -- 4 Television -- Historical Background -- The Emergence of De Facto Stations -- Television Legislation Becomes an Urgent Need -- Development of Satellite Broadcasting -- Societal Challenges -- Conclusion -- 5 From Folk to Social Media -- Lebanon's Oral Culture -- Folk Interaction Channels -- Religious and Social Channels -- Caricatures, Zajal and Theater -- Social Media Reach in Lebanon -- Social Media Landscape -- Internet Space and Regulation Modes -- Bloggers Breaking Barriers -- Conclusion -- 6 Conclusion -- Peculiar Environment -- Professional Failure -- Mistaken Impression of Freedom.