Physical Properties of Materials

In: The Modern University Physics Series

In: The Modern University in Physics Series

Abstract

1 Fundamentals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Wave mechanics -- 1.4 Transition elements -- 1.5 Atomic magnetism -- 1.6 Electrons in solids -- 2 Structure of Solids -- 2.1 Introduction—atomic bonding -- 2.2 Crystal structure -- 2.3 Lattice planes and directions -- 2.4 Atomic packing -- 2.5 Covalent solids -- 2.6 Ionic solids -- 2.7 Summary -- 2.8 Lattice imperfections -- 2.9 Lattice vibrations -- 2.10 Point defects -- 2.11 Line defects -- 2.12 Plane defects -- 2.13 Amorphous materials -- 3 Preparation of Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanism of crystal growth -- 3.3 Growth from the melt -- 3.4 Non-melt techniques -- 3.5 Thin films -- 3.6 The origin of dislocations during crystal growth -- 3.7 Non-crystalline materials -- 3.8 Amorphous semiconductors -- 3.9 Plastic materials -- 4 Practical Determination of Structure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical X-ray diffraction -- 4.3 Practical X-ray diffraction -- 4.4 Other applications of X-ray diffraction -- 4.5 Neutron diffraction -- 4.6 Electron diffraction -- 4.7 Structure of amorphous materials -- 4.8 Other techniques -- 5 Mechanical Properties of Materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanical testing -- 5.3 Elastic behaviour -- 5.4 Plastic behaviour -- 5.5 Fracture -- 5.6 Strengthening of materials -- 5.7 Creep -- 5.8 Mechanical properties of plastics -- 6 Thermal Properties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Thermal statistics -- 6.3 Heat capacity -- 6.4 Specific heat anomalies -- 6.5 Thermal expansion -- 6.6 Thermal conductivity -- 6.7 Thermoelectricity -- 7 Electrical Properties -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metals -- 7.3 Semiconductors -- 7.4 Transition metal compounds -- 7.5 Polarons -- 7.6 Magnetic semiconductors -- 7.7 Amorphous materials -- 7.8 Switching -- 8 Dielectrics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanisms of polarization -- 8.3 The local field -- 8.4 The Clausius-Mosotti relation -- 8.5 Dielectric relaxation -- 8.6 Applications -- 8.7 Piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials -- 8.8 Piezoelectricity -- 8.9 Ferroelectricity -- 8.10 Classification of ferroelectric materials -- 8.11 Barium titanate -- 8.12 Ferroelectric ceramics -- 8.13 Ferroelectric domains -- 8.14 Pyroelectricity -- 9 Magnetic Properties -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification of magnetic materials -- 9.3 Diamagnetism -- 9.4 Paramagnetism 187 9.4.1 Pauli paramagnetism -- 9.5 Ferromagnetism -- 9.6 Magnetic anisotropy -- 9.7 Magnetostriction -- 9.8 Ferromagnetic domains -- 9.9 Microscopic explanations of ferromagnetism -- 9.10 Applications of ferromagnetic materials -- 9.11 Antiferromagnetism -- 9.12 Antiferromagnetic compounds -- 9.13 Antiferromagnetic domains -- 9.14 Ferrimagnetism -- 9.15 Ferrimagnetic domains—magnetic bubbles -- 9.16 Magnetic ceramics -- 9.17 Applications of ferrimagnetic materials -- 10 Optical Properties -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Refractive index -- 10.3 Absorption -- 10.4 Reflection -- 10.5 Natural birefringence -- 10.6 Induced birefringence -- 10.7 Non-linear optics -- 10.8 Secondary processes -- 10.9 Lasers -- 11 Superconductivity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Resistanceless and superconducting states -- 11.3 Superconductivity -- 11.4 Penetration depth -- 11.5 The two-fluid model -- 11.6 The intermediate state -- 11.7 Coherence length -- 11.8 Type II superconductors -- 11.9 Theory of superconductivity -- 11.10 Superconducting materials and their applications -- Appendix I Electrons in Solids -- A1.1 The free electron model -- A1.2 The band model -- A1.3 Electrons and holes-effective mass -- Appendix II Periodic Chart of the Elements -- Appendix III List of the Elements -- Table of Physical Constants -- Answers to Questions.