Health care in the United States: developments and considerations : Volume 4

Intro -- HEALTH CAREIN THE UNITED STATES: DEVELOPMENTS, VOLUME 1 -- HEALTH CAREIN THE UNITED STATES: DEVELOPMENTS, VOLUME 1 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 NFIB V. SEBELIUS: CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL MANDATE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- COMMERCE CLAUSE -- Supreme Court Review -- Possible Implications -- TAXING POWER -- Is the Individual Mandate a Tax or Penalty? -- Is the Individual Mandate a Direct Tax? -- Possible Implications -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 HEALTH CARE:CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND LEGISLATIVE POWERS -- SUMMARY -- HEALTH CARE RIGHTS UNDER THE U.S. CONSTITUTION -- Explicit Rights in the U.S. Constitution -- The Right to Health Care at the Government's Expense -- Substantive Due Process: Impact on Fundamental Rights -- Equal Protection: Wealth as a "Suspect Class" -- Exception: Under Government Control -- HEALTH CARE LEGISLATION UNDER THE U.S. CONSTITUTION -- Specific Sources of Constitutional Authority -- The Power to Tax and Spend for the General Welfare -- The Power to Regulate Interstate Commerce -- Federal Health Care Programs -- The Affordable Care Act -- Supreme Court Decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius -- State Attempts to "Nullify" or "Opt Out" of Affordable Care Act Requirements -- State Statutes and Constitutional Amendments -- Interstate Compacts -- STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND THE PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 HEALTH INSURANCE EXCHANGES UNDER THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (ACA) -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ACA EXCHANGES -- ESTABLISHMENT OF ACA EXCHANGES -- State Exchanges -- Operational Structure of a State Exchange -- Governance of a State Exchange -- Federally Facilitated Exchange -- WHAT EXCHANGES DO -- Eligibility and Enrollment -- Individual Exchange -- Eligibility for Enrollment in a QHP

Intro -- HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES: DEVELOPMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS, VOLUME 2 -- HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES: DEVELOPMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS, VOLUME 2 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 HEALTH CARE PRICE TRANSPARENCY: MEANINGFUL PRICE INFORMATION IS DIFFICULT FOR CONSUMERS TO OBTAIN PRIOR TO RECEIVING CARE -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Health Care Pricing -- Health Care Services and Episodes of Care -- Importance of Quality and Other Contextual Information -- Development and Use of Public and Private Price Transparency Initiatives -- VARIOUS HEALTH CARE AND LEGAL FACTORS MAKE ESTIMATES OF CONSUMERS' COMPLETE COSTS DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN -- Various Factors, Such as the Difficulty of Predicting Health Care Services in Advance, Billing from Multiple Providers, and the Variety of Insurance Benefit Structures, Can Make Estimates of Consumers' Complete Costs Difficult to Obtain -- Researchers and Officials Identify Legal Factors That May Prevent the Disclosure of Negotiated Rates, Which Can Be Used to Estimate Consumers' Complete Costs -- SELECTED INITIATIVES VARY IN THE INFORMATION THEY MAKE AVAILABLE, AND FEW INITIATIVES PROVIDE ESTIMATES OF CONSUMERS' COMPLETE COSTS -- Selected Initiatives Vary in the Information They Make Available to Consumers and Other Interested Parties -- Few Selected Initiatives Provide Estimates of Complete Costs to Consume -- CONCLUSION -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS -- APPENDIX I: METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF CONTACTING SELECTED PROVIDERS FOR PRICE INFORMATION -- Results from Contacting Hospital Representatives -- Results from Contacting Physician Office Representatives -- End Notes -- End Notes for Appendix I