Languages in the world: how history, culture, and politics shape language

Abstract

Intro -- Title page -- Copyright -- Map 0.1 World map with language families -- Figure 0.1 IPA consonants -- Figure 0.2 IPA vowels -- About the Website -- Preface -- To Our Readers -- Part I Linguistic Preliminaries -- Introductory Note: On Language -- 1 All Languages Were Once Spanglish -- The Mexican State of Coahuila y Tejas -- What Is Language? -- How Many Languages Are There? -- How and When Did Language Get Started? -- The Structure of Spanglish -- Final Note: The Encounter of Spanish and English on Television in the United States -- Exercises -- Discussion Questions -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 The Language Loop -- The Australian Walkabout -- Introducing the Language Loop -- Language and Cognition -- Language, the World, and Culture -- Language and Linguistic Structure -- Language, Discourse, and Ideology -- On Major and Minor Languages -- Final Note: The Contingencies of Time, Place, and Biology -- Exercises -- Discussion Questions -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Linguistics and Classification -- The Role of Sanskrit in Philology -- Of Linguistics, Philology, Linguists, and Grammarians -- Genetic Classification -- Areal Classification -- Typological Classification -- Functional Classification -- Final Note: The Role of Sanskrit in India Today -- Exercises -- Discussion Questions -- Notes -- References -- Further Reading -- Part II Effects of Power -- Introductory Note: On Power -- 4 Effects of the Nation-State and the Possibility of Kurdistan -- Lines Are Drawn in the Sand -- The Status of Language on the Eve of the Nation-State -- The Epistemology of the Nation-State -- The French Revolution, German Romanticism, and Print Capitalism -- Standardization and the Instilling of Vergonha -- Language and Individual Identity -- What's Race Got to Do with It? -- The Problematic Race-Nation-Language Triad.