State-building and multilingual education in Africa
1 Introduction. - Theoretical Framework. - The Policy of Mother Tongue Education. - European Language and Education: State-Building in France and Britain. - 2 Language and Education in Africa under Mission and Colonial Influence. - Missions and the Transcription of African Languages. - Colonial Education Policy - Divergent Ideologies. - Selective Training and Restriction of the "Masses". - Mission and Colonial Language Influence in Senegal, Ghana, and Cameroon. - Conclusion. - 3 Language Choices in Independent African States. - Education and Literacy at Independence. - Independence Policies - Theory and Practice. - Continuing External Influence - la Francophonie and the Commonwealth. - Policy Inertia. - Understanding Leader Preferences. - 4 Opportunities for Policy Change: Ideas, Materials, and Advocacy Networks. - An Altered International Perspective. - Changed Causal Ideas. - Contradictory Anglophone Voices. - Expanded Domestic Possibilities. - Opportunities for Policy Change in Senegal and Ghana. - Conclusion. - 5 Incentives for Policy Change: Ruler Strategies for Maintaining Power. - Democracy and Multilingual Education. - Bargaining: Demographic and Subnational Variation. - My Explanation. - Economics as a Contributing Factor. - Incentives for Policy Change in Senegal and Ghana. - Conclusion. - 6 Language, Education, and "Democratization" in Cameroon. - Education Policy in the Early Independence Period. - Opportunities for Policy Change. - Material Opportunities. - Ideational Opportunities. - Ruler Incentives for Policy Change. - Electoral District Manipulation. - Restricting Voting Access. - Constitutional Recognition of Minority Rights. - Alternative Explanations. - Conclusion. - 7 Language and Contention: Violence and Participation in Contemporary African Politics. - Language, Nationalism, and Violence. - Language Literacy and Political Mobilization. - Written Language and Attachment (Senegal and Ghana). - Written Language and Mobilization in a Democratic Se