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Abstract
Recent international attention has focused on desertification and its concomitants, especially the diminution of flora and fauna in arid and semiarid lands and the resulting reduction in the economic value of those lands. Natural factors such as drought and wind erosion, as well as various technological practices, have been blamed for the present situation in many countries. Most observers agree that human beings have been both perpetrators and victims of desertification. Anthropologists have long been interested in documenting hew different societies have affected and been affected by their environments. The papers in this volume present ease studies of societies ranging from ancient Peru to contemporary Israel, along with several topically oriented works. All are designed to illustrate how various societies--whether by water management or by the exploitation of plants and animals--have attempted to achieve ecological balance. Social organization and ideology as well as technology are discussed as important variables affecting the ways in which populations adapt to, or cope with, desertification.
Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- About the Book -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- About the Editor and Authors -- Introduction -- 1 An Empirical Approach to Prehistoric Agrarian Collapse: The Case of the Moche Valley, Peru -- The Desert -- Environmental Change -- Canal Strategy -- Complementary Strategies -- Social Setting -- The Moche Valley Agricultural System -- Early Agricultuve -- Later Prehistory -- Agrarian Collapse -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 2 Farmers and Technical Experts: Information Flow in Irrigated Agriculture -- Introduation -- Case I: The Rusty Tractor Syndrome -- Case II: The Virgin Canals Syndrome -- Case III: The "My Superiors Have Not Yet Answered My Letter" Syndrome -- Israeli Observations -- Case I: The Telephone Factor -- Case II: The Muddy Feet Factor -- Analysis -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Human Use of the Pre-Saharan Ecosystem and Its Impact on Desertization -- Introduction -- The Energy Flow Approach to the Study of Human Ecology -- The Value of Energy Flow Studies for Planners of Economic Policy in Developing Arid Regions -- Economic Production in Southern Tunisia -- Annual Differences in Soil Disturbance from Human Economic Activity -- Land Use Strategies in Southern Tunisia -- Prospects for Developing Land Use Alternatives -- References -- 4 Utilization of Surface Water by Northern Arabian Bedouins -- 5 Agroecosystem Diversity: A Model from the Sonoran Desert -- Ephemerals -- Root Perennials -- Columnar Cacti -- Desert Trees and Shrubs -- Seagrasses -- Saltgrass -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 A Rational-Choice Model of Agricultural Resource Utilization and Conservation -- Introduction -- Rational-Choice Models and Agricultural Decisions -- The Model -- Agrarian Development -- End Notes -- References.
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Foreword -- Introduction -- An Empirical Approach to Prehistoric Agrarian Collapse: The Case of the Moche Valley, Peru -- Farmers and Technical Experts: Information Flow in Irrigated Agriculture -- Human Use of the Pre-Saharan Ecosystem and Its Impact on Desertization -- Utilization of Surface Water by Northern Arabian Bedouins -- Agroecosystem Diversity: A Model from the Sonoran Desert -- A Rational-Choice Model of Agricultural Resource Utilization and Conservation -- Drought versus Desertification: The Case of the Sahel -- Some Observations on Adaptation to Semi-arid Environments
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