Civilizations, Empires, and Wars

In: Journal of peace research, Band 27, Heft 1, S. 9-24

Abstract

A discussion of the interrelationships between civilizations, empires, & wars. Recent research on primitive warfare is reviewed which suggests that its cause lies more in human development than in human instinct or human nature. Arnold J. Toynbee's theories of civilization, empire, & war are discussed & contrasted to those of Pitirim A. Sorokin & Quincy Wright. All agree that war & civilization are inspired by a sense of superiority & self-righteousness, which provide a justification for destructive behavior. It is concluded that civilizations, empires, & wars develop concurrently with the development of primitive, civilized, & modern peoples. War can be avoided by changing the structure or direction of a civilization's development toward more egalitarian, altruistic, & compassionate relations. 2 Tables, 40 References. S. G. Yates