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Turkey and Iran are on opposite sides of a bloody civil war in Syria. But competition is not novel to these countries, and the intensity of their current rivalry may be exaggerated. (Survival / SWP)

This book sketches the discourse about a new constitution in Libya since 2011. Applying a discourse analytical approach, the author identifies societal cleavages that have come to the fore in Libyaℓ́ℓs transitional period. The debate has focused on democracy, federalism, decentralisation and localisation, the role of religion, women in politics as well as ethnic minorities. The strategies followed to ensure representation in the constitutional process have included civil disobedience, affirmative action and force. The effects of raising demands in these ways have been changes in the constitutional process and institutional design of Libyaℓ́ℓs interim political institutions rather than promises that particular demands as to the content of the constitution would be met. The general prevention of a public discourse and competition along societal cleavages under Gaddafiℓ́ℓs totalitarian ideology has resulted in an all-out resurgence of splits along ethnic, regional and other lines. The work was awarded the Christoph Schumann Memorial Prize of the University of Erlangen. Contents From the Monarchy to the Fall of Gaddafi Libyaℓ́ℓs Society Political Actors and Political System since 2011 The Libyan Constitutional Discourse Target Groups Scholars and students of Political Science and Middle Eastern Studies Political advisors, political decision-makers, consultants, country analysts The Author Nadine Schnelzer is a researcher on the Middle East. She has worked as a freelance translator and author.

Introduction -- Islam, democracy and Turkey's secular state -- Iran: classical themes and contemporary challenges -- Pakistan: a work in progress -- Indonesia -- Senegal -- Tunisia -- Egypt -- Conclusion

BourguibismBourguibism and the Military; The Ben Ali Regime; The Uprising; The Transition; Conclusion; 3 Egypt: An Institutionalized/Corporate Military; Historical Development; Nasserâ#x80;#x99;s Revolution and the Egyptian Military; The Military Under Sadat and Mubarak; The Uprising; The Transition; Conclusion; 4 Bahrain: A Ruler/Mercenary Military; Historical Development; Exclusion, Revolt, and Repression; Military Structure; The Uprising; The Aftermath; Conclusion; 5 Libya: A Factionalized Military; Historical Development; The Jamahiriya; Qaddafi and the Military; The Uprising

This book looks with hindsight at the Arab Spring and sheds light on the debates it triggered within North African societies and the alarming developments in women's rights. Although women played a key role in the success of the uprisings that wiped out long ruling oligarchies across the region, they remain excluded from decision-making circles and the formal political and electoral apparatus. Women's rights are written off constitution drafts, and issues of gender equality are hardly addressed. The chapters that compose this volume present research and reflections from different perspectives to help the reader get a better picture of the profound turmoil that beset this part of the so-called "Arab" World. Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, the contributors discuss a host of questions related to women and gender in the Arab world and address the broader question of why women's efforts and momentum during the revolution did not seem to pay off the same way they did for men. This book provides an assessment of the situation from the inside. It is intended to help the general public as well as the academic world comprehend the significance of what is going on in this key part of the Islamic World.

'Bullets and Bulletins' takes a sobering and holistic look at the intersections between media and politics before, during, and in the wake of the Arab uprisings. It is a multi-disciplinary approach to the topic, with the research backed up by in-depth and rigorous case studies of the key countries of the Arab uprisings.