Suchergebnisse

In this paper we demonstrate that even if policies prior to reform have been rational, it is possible, in fact in certain policy areas likely, that a green tax reform, contrary to the perceived wisdom among economists, will be associated with a double-dividend, i.e. with both environmental and fiscal benefits. We first establish this theoretically by avoiding imposing potentially unrealistic separability assumptions, and by recognising that taxation involves administrative costs. To illustrate our theoretical results, we use graphical tools well-known from fishery economics to assess the effects of the introduction of a tax on road transport.

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN-GHS) is being implemented in more and more countries all over the world; the EU has done so with the CLP-Regulation (EU-CLP). Compared to the undeniably important questions on health and environmental hazards, the classification of physical hazards of chemicals often has not been in the focus, although their implementation can be challenging and there are traps and pitfalls to be avoided. The following overview of the classification systematics for physical hazards aims at a principle understanding without detailing all criteria or test methods. Similarities and differences between the classification systems of the UN-GHS and EU-CLP, the transport of dangerous goods and the former EU system are reviewed with regard to the physical hazard classes. Available physical hazard classifications for the transport of dangerous goods and according to the former EU system can be used as available information when classifying according to the GHS. However, the interfaces of these classification systems and their limitations have to be understood well when concluding on GHS/CLP classifications. This applies not only to industry when applying CLP but especially to legislators when adapting legislation that in one way or another refers to the classification of chemicals.

A literature review of policy transfer in transport and cognate fields was conducted. It shows that there is little evidence on how cities learn from each other and even less on how this process occurs in the transport sector. The review identified a series of key aspects of policy transfer which the literature suggests might be important in understanding the process of, advantages and barriers to transferring innovative transport policies. Interviews were then conducted in 11 cities to further investigate the process of policy transfer and the role of academics within this. Seven cities were studied in Northern Europe (Leeds, Edinburgh, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Bremen and Lyon, Nancy) and four in North America (Vancouver, Dallas, San Francisco and Seattle). This report presents the results of the synthesis of the city interviews. The key findings are: 1. Cities are actively looking to learn from another but this process is unsystematic and sometimes inefficient 2. The search for new policies is constrained by a lack of resources, particularly personnel 3. Informal networks and information sharing based on professional contacts is the predominant method of initial knowledge transfer 4. Local context is critical in determining whether policies will transfer well across cities and lack of fit is one reason for limited transfer 5. Institutional barriers also exist to policy transfer which seem most likely to influence what gets implemented rather than what gets considered 6. Key facilitators to overcome barriers to implementation are: a. A supportive political environment; b. Sufficient staff resources to commit to the projects; c. A culture of engaging with other cities and a structure that allows for staff at all levels to seek out information by contacting staff internally or at other organizations that are of a different staff/management level; d. An internal organisational culture to try new things; and e. co-funding of implementation from other government tiers or the private sector 7. Academic research is one potential source of information on innovation and implementation but one which is underutilised in many cities. This was particularly true of the European cities compared with those in North America 8. The academic and practitioner networks are not well connected and there are both practical and cultural barriers to better integration. In the light of these findings and a more detailed consideration of the cultural and practical barriers to better integration between academics and practitioners nine potential areas for future action are identified.

A significant increase in intermodal container transport led, during the period 1970–72, to intensive discussions in several international bodies concerning the proposed Convention on the International Combined Transport of Goods, known as the TCM Convention. Basically, the drafters of the convention aimed to establish a standard Combined Transport Contract (CT Document) and to provide for a new legal person called the Combined Transport operator (CTO). As the proposed convention could affect existing legal regimes that govern various modes of transporting cargo, it is not surprising that aviation interests, inter alia, carried out a searching and somewhat inconclusive examination of the implications of the proposed TCM Convention for international civil aviation.

From in-country to cross-country connections, whether by land, air, or water, transport is a key ingredient that enables nations to achieve economic and social development goals. ADB has been working with developing member countries to improve roads, airports, waterways, and other transport infrastructures to provide people with better access to economic opportunities, public services, domestic and international markets. This publication shares 20 case stories bearing practical knowledge and lessons for transport projects across Asia and the Pacific region under different socioeconomic and political situations.

Briefly outlines the regulations laid down by the United Nations
regarding the transport of dangerous goods. As these provide
recommendations only, not binding regulations, individual states are
free to introduce legislation within their borders. Describes the
mechanisms of the routeing system in The Netherlands and the positive
contribution which such a system can make to emergency planning.

Within sociology a burgeoning literature on class identities and politics has developed during the past 20 years. One area of analysis which has yet to be fully investigated concerns the ways class politics are imbued within debates about human–animal relations. Focusing on the case study of dangerous dog legislation in England and Wales, this article develops the literature on class to locate the ways political framings and legislative responses to the issue of dangerous dogs have been enacted. Analyzing historical accounts of responses to rabies and hydrophobia in dogs and humans, through to contemporary debates about the biological dangerousness of certain dog breeds, the article discusses the sociological implications of these class constructions within the establishment of dangerous dog legislation and associated social control powers.

The paper analyzes the risk of accidents involving hazardous substances during road and rail traffic in the city of Kruševac. Critical points in road and rail transport in the city of Kruševac are defined, followed by an analysis of the possibility of accidents in the transport of dangerous goods as well as an assessment of their impact on Car Lazar military barracks in Kruševac. It was concluded that Car Lazar barracks in Kruševac are significantly threatened by a possibility of accidents with hazardous materials in road and rail transport; therefore, particular attention should be paid to the prevention from accidents involving hazardous substances.

Health service providers in developed nations are responsible for 5% of their national carbon emissions, much of which originate from transport and supply chains. Connected autonomous freight vehicles (CAV-Fs) offer the potential to reduce this impact and enable lower cost operations, with trials being explored across the world. Transportation and carriage regulations, particularly in relation to the movement of dangerous goods (DG) such as medicines and diagnostic specimens, have not been developed for and applied to this new transport mode, particularly where loads are unaccompanied. Through an audit of current legislation and practice, this paper evaluates current DGs regulations applied to the transportation of medical products and medicines by autonomous road vehicles. Where existing regulations are not appropriate for CAV-Fs, recommendations and adaptations have been proposed to support safe and practical application. Remote monitoring and tracking of vehicles are critical for ensuring load security, quick and effective incident response, and management of documents and communications between parties. Loading/unloading procedures are significantly more important than in crewed vehicles, with load segregation and recording of all activity being of key importance. Other recommendations relate to training provision, vehicle specifications, and product health monitoring.