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Computer games (video games) are becoming increasingly popular way to relax, or even to maintain social relationships with other people. However, they are not just only entertainment. Treated as a mass media become a source of income, knowledge and social problems, which may distort the reality presented in them. It may also become the basis for manipulation and propaganda, to serve the struggle for cultural dominance, and indicate social problems.

The concepts of social capital are important in improving the quality of life. However, the effects of social capital accumulated in the economic, social and political spheres can be both positive and negative. Article brings the specificity of trust as a key variety of social capital and it's status among the Poles. Indicated are also differences between the suspicion, mistrust and functional substitutes for trust. The whole is complemented by breakdown of bottom-up methods of social capital building. ** Koncepcje kapitału społecznego mają istotne znaczenie w podnoszeniu jakości życia. Niemniej skutki oddziaływania nagromadzonego kapitału społecznego w sferach ekonomicznej, społecznej i politycznej mogą być zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne. Artykuł przybliża specyfikę zaufania jako kluczowej odmiany kapitału społecznego i jego stan wśród Polaków. Wskazane zostają też różnice między nieufnością, brakiem zaufania i funkcjonalnymi substytutami zaufania. Całość uzupełnia zestawienie oddolnych metod budowania kapitału społecznego.

At the beginning of the XXI century, human societies are entering a period of "late modernity" characterized by new forms of trust and risk, untransparent social situations and economic, political and cultural globalization. These processes are associated with the presence of abstract systems that surround people and which require support of people with expertise in the fields which include transport, telecommunications, finance, security, media, energy. At the same time, it is noted that the expertise cult is born and specialists not only meet the identified needs, but also produce new, thus contributing to the development of a culture of narcissism. Article aims to explain the characteristics of expert systems and cultural narcissism, experts role as a participant in social change, model types and kinds of experts with their arcane in to ontological and epistemological structures of the social world. I also highlight the problems associated with the suppression of restrictions in to the access of expertise knowledge. ** Wraz z początkiem XXI wieku społeczeństwa ludzkie wchodzą w okres "późnej nowoczesności" cechujący się nowymi formami zaufania i ryzyka, nieprzejrzystością sytuacji społecznych oraz postępującą globalizacją ekonomiczną, polityczną i kulturową. Procesy te wiążą się z obecnością systemów abstrakcyjnych, które otaczają ludzi i do funkcjonowania wymagają wsparcia osób z wiedzą specjalistyczną z zakresu m.in. transportu, telekomunikacji, finansów, bezpieczeństwa, mediów, energetyki. Jednocześnie zauważa się, iż rodzi się kult ekspertyzy a specjaliści nie tylko zaspokajają rozpoznane potrzeby, ale też wytwarzają nowe, przyczyniając się tym samym do rozwoju kultury narcyzmu. Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie specyfiki systemów eksperckich i narcyzmu kulturowego, roli eksperta jako uczestnika przemian społecznych, modelowych typów ekspertów i rodzajów ich wtajemniczeń w struktury ontologiczne i epistemologiczne świata społecznego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na problemy związane ze znoszeniem ograniczeń dostępu ...

Collective review of Rune Ervik; Tord Skogedal Lindén (2013): Making Of Ageing Policy. Theory and Practice in Europe and Sarah Harper, Kate Hamblin (eds.) (2014): International Handbook on Ageing and Public Policy. In 2013-2014, Edward Elgar published two interrelated books in the fields of social gerontology and public policy. Both books include domestic and cross-national case studies on selected topics that are important for ageing policy. The International Handbook on Ageing and Public Policy edited by Sarah Harper and Kate Hamblin focuses on a global approach towards demographic change. Meanwhile, The Making of Ageing Policy edited by Ervik Rune and Tord S. Lindén brings a closer look at issues, programs, and activities relevant to the ageing policy and its entities, especially in the countries of the European Union (EU) that are still seen as those that have been first to construct positive responses to the ageing population. Although, population ageing has slowed in Europe in recent years, globally it will have a substantial impact in the near future, mainly in Asian countries. Thus, it is necessary to create various programs that will allow societies and economies to adapt to new demographic conditions, among others, in the fields of the labour market, long-term care, social participation of older adults, provision of sustainable pensions for all, and health services.

The main goal of this book is to create a general theory of approaches in various countries how to cope with demographic change. It focuses on the search for innovative responses to population "shrinkage" and the consequences of population ageing in two neighbouring countries: Germany and Poland. The comparison of Germany and Poland aims at showing in detail the distinctive ways in which both countries have tried to resolve problems posed by demographic change, such as fiscal capacity and unemployment rates, in particular in education and local government. While Germany is usually seen as a corporatist welfare state (characterized by, for example, social insurance based on contributions paid over the years and adjusted to individual income), Poland is regarded as a welfare state "in transition" (which is still developing a unique model of social policy as initiated after 1989)

In recent years we may observe increasing interest in the development of social innovation both regarding theory as well as the practice of responding to social problems and challenges. One of the crucial challenges at the beginning of the 21st century is population ageing. Various new and innovative initiatives, programs, schemes, and projects to respond to negative consequences of this demographic process are emerging around the world. However, social theories related to ageing are still insufficiently combined with these new practices, social movements, organisational models, and institutions. Many scholars are still using notions and tools from classical theories of social gerontology or the sociology of ageing such as disengagement theory, activity theory, and successful and productive ageing. Such theories do not sufficiently explain ageing in the context of, for example, a broad use of the information and communications technologies (ICTs) including robotics and automation, new healthcare and long-term care models, advancements in the development and governance of age-friendly environments, and public engagement of older adults into co-production of services delivered by public, private, non-governmental as well as non-formal entities.

This publication provides a summary of the experience of the research and implementation project "PI-PWP: Innovation on the Cusp - testing and implementation of new methods of outplacement "carried out at the request of the Regional Labour Office in Bialystok, under the Operational Programme Human Capital, Measure 8.1 Development of employees and enterprises in the region, sub-measure 8.1.1 Supporting the development of professional skills and consultancy for businesses, co-financed by the European Union under the European Social Fund. The aim of the project was to adapt, create, evaluate, disseminate and implement in the Podlaskie Voievodship until the June 2015 two models of outplacement: for employers and employees of companies undergoing modernization and adaptation processes.

This publication provides a summary of the experience of the research and implementation project "PI-PWP: Innovation on the Cusp - testing and implementation of new methods of outplacement "carried out at the request of the Regional Labour Office in Bialystok, under the Operational Programme Human Capital, Measure 8.1 Development of employees and enterprises in the region, sub-measure 8.1.1 Supporting the development of professional skills and consultancy for businesses, co-financed by the European Union under the European Social Fund. The aim of the project was to adapt, create, evaluate, disseminate and implement in the Podlaskie Voievodship until the June 2015 two models of outplacement: for employers and employees of companies undergoing modernization and adaptation processes.

A publication called Aging in the Social Space is a compilation of studies, which deal with theoretical understanding and empirical solutions, learning about problem spheres, specifying content parallels of social, legal, economic, moral and ethical views on senior issues in society, which are closely related to each other and are interconnected.
This publication focus on the case study of Poland. It is supposed to provide a multidimensional view of old age issues and issues related to aging and care for old people in society. We believe that it is natural also to name individual spheres, in which society has some eff ect, either direct or indirect, within issues concerning seniors. Learning about these spheres is the primary prerequisite for successful use of social help to seniors in society.

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest przybliżenie dyskursu wokół możliwości regulacji gospodarki współdzielenia (ang. sharing economy) oraz omówienie potencjalnych instrumentów polityki publicznej, które mogą służyć do ograniczenia negatywnych skutków rozwoju tego systemu gospodarczego. Artykuł w pierwszej kolejności przybliża rozumienie koncepcji regulacji i régulation oraz omawia związki gospodarki współdzielenia z koncepcją współzarządzania cyfrowego. Następnie po przybliżeniu wybranych pozytywnych i negatywnych efektów gospodarki współdzielenia wskazane zostają wybrane instrumenty regulacyjne. W podsumowaniu wskazano na możliwe kierunki dalszych badań.

The paper presents the idea of the "silver economy" as an economic system related to population ageing and highlights the features of this policy idea. The study first describes the discourse and stages of the process of constructing this system by international and national actors of the public policy on ageing. Next, a critical analysis of the dimensions and areas of implementation and development of the silver economy as a policy concept was provided together with a review of its external and internal limitations. The conclusion includes suggestions for the future research directions.

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse approaches to the sharing economy from the perspective of public policy science. In the first part of the text, attention is paid to perceiving the development of the emerging sharing economy not only as phenomenon with positive economic effects but also as a set of public problems (e.g., on the labour market and for existing economic structures) that require intervention at the level of national governments as well as at international level. Subsequent sections identify possible actions for regulating the development of the sharing economy. The role of soft law, stakeholders' networks, self-regulation and standardisation are discussed in the chapter. The summary includes potential directions for further research.

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse approaches to the sharing economy from the perspective of public policy science. In the first part of the text, attention is paid to perceiving the development of the emerging sharing economy not only as phenomenon with positive economic effects but also as a set of public problems (e.g., on the labour market and for existing economic structures) that require intervention at the level of national governments as well as at international level. Subsequent sections identify possible actions for regulating the development of the sharing economy. The role of soft law, stakeholders' networks, self-regulation and standardisation are discussed in the chapter. The summary includes potential directions for further research.